Systematic ocular phenotyping of 8,707 knockout mouse lines identifies genes associated with abnormal corneal phenotypes.

Purpose: Corneal dysmorphologies (CDs) are typically classified as either regressive degenerative corneal dystrophies (CDtrs) or defective growth and differentiation-driven corneal dysplasias (CDyps). Both eye disorders have multifactorial etiologies. While previous work has elucidated many aspects of CDs, such as presenting symptoms, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, the genetic mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

Efficacy of Amniotic Membrane Grafting for the Treatment of Chemical and Thermal Ocular Surface Injuries: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Objective: To evaluate the published literature on the efficacy of amniotic membrane grafting (AMG) in the management of acute chemical and thermal ocular surface burns with respect to the rate of corneal re-epithelialization and improvement of visual acuity or corneal clarity.

Methods: Literature searches were conducted in the PubMed database in May 2023 and updated in January 2024 and were limited to the English language without date restrictions. The searches yielded 474 citations; 58 were reviewed in full text, and 9 met the inclusion criteria.

Outcomes and Complications of Limbal Stem Cell Allograft Transplantation: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

Purpose: To review the published literature on the safety and outcomes of keratolimbal allograft (KLAL) transplantation and living-related conjunctival limbal allograft (lr-CLAL) transplantation for bilateral severe/total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD).

Methods: Literature searches were last conducted in the PubMed database in February 2023 and were limited to the English language. They yielded 523 citations; 76 were reviewed in full text, and 21 met the inclusion criteria.

High-speed, phase contrast retinal and blood flow imaging using an adaptive optics partially confocal multi-line ophthalmoscope.

High-speed, phase contrast retinal and blood flow imaging using an adaptive optics partially confocal multi-line ophthalmosocope (AO-pcMLO) is described. It allows for simultaneous confocal and phase contrast imaging with various directional multi-line illumination by using a single 2D camera and a digital micromirror device (DMD). Both vertical and horizontal line illumination directions were tested, for photoreceptor and vascular imaging.

Dual leucine zipper kinase is necessary for retinal ganglion cell axonal regeneration in .

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons of the African clawed frog, , unlike those of mammals, are capable of regeneration and functional reinnervation of central brain targets following injury. Here, we describe a tadpole optic nerve crush (ONC) procedure and assessments of brain reinnervation based on live imaging of RGC-specific transgenes which, when paired with CRISPR/Cas9 injections at the one-cell stage, can be used to assess the function of regeneration-associated genes in vivo in F0 animals. Using this assay, we find that map3k12, also known as dual leucine zipper kinase (Dlk), is necessary for RGC axonal regeneration and acts in a dose-dependent manner.

Giant Lacrimal Gland Cyst in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Lacrimal gland cysts are rare clinical entities in the pediatric population. Herein is described a 6-year-old male patient presenting with progressive left upper lid ptosis, found to have a large ipsilateral superotemporal orbital mass. Diagnosis of a giant lacrimal gland cyst was confirmed excisional biopsy.

Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (AO-SLO-OCT) system for mouse retina imaging.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) are imaging technologies invented in the 1980s that have revolutionized the field of retinal diagnostics and are now commonly used in ophthalmology clinics as well as in vision science research. Adaptive optics (AO) technology enables high-fidelity correction of ocular aberrations, resulting in improved resolution and sensitivity for both SLO and OCT systems. The potential of gathering multi-modal cellular-resolution information in a single instrument is of great interest to the ophthalmic imaging community.

Transvitreal and subretinal fibrinoid reaction following diabetic vitrectomy.

Purpose: To describe an unexpected and atypical transvitreal and subretinal fibrinoid reaction following vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Observations: A 58-year-old woman with bilateral proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage underwent combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation and vitrectomy in the right eye. Two months later she underwent staged phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation followed by vitrectomy in the left eye.

CRISPR-based VEGF suppression using paired guide RNAs for treatment of choroidal neovascularization.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genomic disruption of vascular endothelial growth factor A () with a single gRNA suppresses choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in preclinical studies, offering the prospect of long-term anti-angiogenesis therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genome editing using CRISPR-CRISPR-associated endonucleases (Cas9) with multiple guide RNAs (gRNAs) can enhance gene-ablation efficacy by augmenting insertion-deletion (indel) mutations with gene truncations but may also increase the risk of off-target effects. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 systems using single versus paired gRNAs to target two different loci in the gene that are conserved in human, rhesus macaque, and mouse.

5-Fluorouracil With Microneedling Modulates Wound Healing in a Murine Model: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mechanism and Dose Efficacy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the dose-dependent immunohistopathological effects of intradermal microneedle-delivered 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for postincisional wound healing in a murine model.

Methods: A prospective experimental study was performed. Twelve hairless mice were randomized into 4 treatment groups for postincisional wound treatment: microneedling with topical saline, or microneeding with topically-applied 5-FU at concentrations of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, or 100 mg/ml.

Factors Associated With Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy (GATT) Complications and Failure in Children.

Purpose: To identify the factors associated with the complications and failure of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in children.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Methods: This study was conducted in an institutional setting in a pediatric population (aged <18 years) who had undergone GATT.

Volumetric data analysis enabled spatially resolved optoretinogram to measure the functional signals in the living retina.

Optoretinogram, a technique in which optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to measure retinal functions in response to a visible light stimulus, can be a potentially useful tool to quantify retinal health alterations. Existing experimental studies on animals have focused on measuring the global retinal response by transversally averaging 3D data across the retina, which minimizes the spatial resolution of the signals, and limits the signal-to-noise ratio because only central B-scans are collected and analyzed. These problems were addressed in this study by collecting volumetric data to probe functional signals and developing an improved 3D registration approach to align such series-acquired OCT volumes.

Heinrich Müller (1820-1864) and the entoptic discovery of the site in the retina where vision is initiated.

Heinrich Müller was a nineteenth-century German retinal anatomist who, during his short career, was one of the discoverers of the rod photopigment rhodopsin and neuroglia in the retina, now known as Müller cells. He also described the ocular muscles and double foveae of some birds. An important, but largely neglected, insight by Müller was to combine careful psychophysical measurements and geometrical optics to find the location of the photosensitive layer of the retina in the living eye.

Histopathological Rate of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia in Clinically Suspected Pterygium Specimens: 10-Year Results.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of histopathologically confirmed ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in clinically diagnosed pterygium samples at a tertiary center in Northern California, over a 10-year period (2009-2019).

Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients older than 18 years with clinically diagnosed benign pterygium requiring excision was conducted. Clinically suspected pterygia were excised using standard techniques and routinely submitted to the University of California Davis for pathologic evaluation.

The basic science of optic nerve regeneration.

Diverse insults to the optic nerve result in partial to total vision loss as the axons of retinal ganglion cells are destroyed. In glaucoma, axons are injured at the optic nerve head; in other optic neuropathies, axons can be damaged along the entire visual pathway. In all cases, as mammals cannot regenerate injured central nervous system cells, once the axons are lost, vision loss is irreversible.

Utility of IOLMaster 700 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography in Detecting Macular Disease for Preoperative Cataract Surgery Patients.

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of IOLMaster 700 (IOLM) biometer swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in detecting macular pathology before cataract surgery and to compare IOLM SS-OCT characteristics of foveal pathology with a widely used spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) system.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective analysis of 1156 consecutive eyes with IOLMaster 700 SS-OCT undergoing cataract surgery from January to June 2017 was performed. Approximately a third of these eyes (327 eyes) also had a SD-OCT scan performed previously.

MASSIVE ADVANCING NONEXUDATIVE TYPE 1 CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN CTRP5 LATE-ONSET RETINAL DEGENERATION: Longitudinal Findings on Multimodal Imaging and Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To describe longitudinal multimodal imaging findings of nonexudative choroidal neovascularization in CTRP5 late-onset retinal degeneration.

Methods: Four patients with CTRP5-positive late-onset retinal degeneration underwent repeated ophthalmoscopic examination and multimodal imaging. All four patients (two siblings and their cousins, from a pedigree described previously) had the heterozygous S163R mutation.

Isolated bilateral congenital lacrimal gland agenesis-a case series.

We report 2 pediatric cases of isolated bilateral congenital lacrimal gland agenesis (CLGA). Patient 1 (1 year of age) and patient 2 (2 years of age) presented with symptoms of alacrimia and were diagnosed with bilateral isolated CLGA based on magnetic resonance imaging. Both patients were otherwise healthy, with no systemic associations.

Telemedicine for neuro-ophthalmology: challenges and opportunities.

Purpose Of Review: Telemedicine for neuro-ophthalmology (tele-neuro-ophthalmology) has the potential to increase access to neuro-ophthalmic care by improving efficiency and decreasing the need for long-distance travel for patients. Requirements for decreased person-to-person contacts during the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated adoption of tele-neuro-ophthalmology. This review highlights the challenges and opportunities with tele-neuro-ophthalmology.

Higher Cortical Dysfunction Presenting as Visual Symptoms in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

As the population ages, increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases will have profound implications for the health care system. Recognizing visual symptoms from neurodegenerative diseases can be challenging, especially in the presence of co-existing eye diseases. A seven-question survey was completed by attendees at the "neurodegenerative diseases in neuro-ophthalmology" symposium during the 2017 North American Neuro-ophthalmology Society annual meeting using a web-based audience response system.

Risk Factors for Complications and Failure after Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy in a Young Cohort.

Purpose: To determine the risk factors for failures and complications of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in a young cohort.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Participants: Eyes that underwent GATT at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute.