Role of astrocyte senescence regulated by the non- canonical autophagy in the neuroinflammation associated to cerebral malaria.

Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is a fatal neuroinflammatory syndrome caused (in humans) by the protozoa Plasmodium (P.) falciparum. Glial cell activation is one of the mechanisms that contributes to neuroinflammation in CM.

Both Nitro Groups Are Essential for High Antitubercular Activity of 3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl Tetrazoles and 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles through the Deazaflavin-Dependent Nitroreductase Activation Pathway.

3,5-Dinitrobenzylsulfanyl tetrazoles and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, previously identified as having high activities against both replicating and nonreplicating mycobacteria and favorable cytotoxicity and genotoxicity profiles were investigated. First we demonstrated that these compounds act in a deazaflavin-dependent nitroreduction pathway and thus a nitro group for their activity. Second, we confirmed the necessity of nitro groups for antimycobacterial activity through extensive structure-activity relationship studies using 32 structural types of analogues, each in a five-membered series.

Correction: Bilyy et al. Rapid Generation of Coronaviral Immunity Using Recombinant Peptide Modified Nanodiamonds. 2021, , 861.

In the original publication [...

Benidipine calcium channel blocker promotes the death of cigarette smoke-induced senescent cells and improves lung emphysema.

Smoking is the main risk factor for many lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains carcinogenic and reactive oxygen species that favor DNA mutations and perturb the homeostasis and environment of cells. CS induces lung cell senescence resulting in a stable proliferation arrest and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype.

A Novel Natural Siderophore Antibiotic Conjugate Reveals a Chemical Approach to Macromolecule Coupling.

Inspired by natural sideromycins, the conjugation of antibiotics to siderophores is an attractive strategy to facilitate "Trojan horse" delivery of antibiotics into bacteria. Genome analysis of a soil bacterium, found a "hybrid" biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of both an antibiotic, pyridomycin, and a novel chlorocatechol-containing siderophore named chlorodactyloferrin. While both of these natural products were synthesized independently, analysis of the culture supernatant also identified a conjugate of both molecules.

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of the Enteric Protozoan Parasite sp. in the Northern Egypt Population.

sp. is currently reported as the most frequent single-celled eukaryote inhabiting the intestinal tract of humans and a wide range of animal groups. Its prevalence is especially higher in developing countries linked with fecal peril.

Depletion of preexisting B-cell lymphoma 2-expressing senescent cells before vaccination impacts antigen-specific antitumor immune responses in old mice.

The age-related decline in immunity reduces the effectiveness of vaccines in older adults. Immunosenescence is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation, and the accumulation of senescent cells. The latter express Bcl-2 family members (providing resistance to cell death) and exhibit a pro-inflammatory, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

A smooth tubercle bacillus from Ethiopia phylogenetically close to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes several human- and animal-adapted pathogens. It is thought to have originated in East Africa from a recombinogenic Mycobacterium canettii-like ancestral pool. Here, we describe the discovery of a clinical tuberculosis strain isolated in Ethiopia that shares archetypal phenotypic and genomic features of M.

The KxGxYR and DxE motifs in the C-tail of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus membrane protein are crucial for infectious virus assembly.

The coronavirus' (CoV) membrane (M) protein is the driving force during assembly, but this process remains poorly characterized. Previously, we described two motifs in the C-tail of the Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) M protein involved in its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit (DxE) and trans-Golgi network (TGN) retention (KxGxYR). Here, their function in virus assembly was investigated by two different virus-like particle (VLP) assays and by mutating both motifs in an infectious MERS-CoV cDNA clone.

IL-20 Cytokines Are Involved in the Repair of Airway Epithelial Barrier: Implication in Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and in COPD Pathology.

Background: Dysregulated inflammation as seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with impaired wound healing. IL-20 cytokines are known to be involved in wound healing processes. The purpose of this study was to use ex vivo and in vitro approaches mimicking COPD to evaluate the potential modulatory role of interleukin-20 (IL-20) on the inflammatory and healing responses to epithelial wounding.

Characterization of pyridylpiperazine-based efflux pump inhibitors for .

Objectives: In , multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily result in decreased antibiotic susceptibility. Improving the activity of current antibiotics via efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) represents an attractive alternative approach to control this bacterium. Pyridylpiperazines (PyrPips) are a new class of EPIs that can effectively inhibit the RND efflux pump AcrAB-TolC and boost the activity of several antibiotics.

Hydroxamate-based compounds are potent inhibitors of HDAC biological activity.

Toxoplasmosis is a critical health issue for immune-deficient individuals and the offspring of newly infected mothers. It is caused by a unicellular intracellular parasite called that is found worldwide. Although efficient drugs are commonly used to treat toxoplasmosis, serious adverse events are common.

Optimizing the use of current antituberculosis drugs to overcome drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis continues to be one of the major threats to global tuberculosis control. After a hiatus of over 40 years in antituberculosis drug development, the last decade has seen a resurgence of research, yielding a number of promising compounds in the tuberculosis drug pipeline, with some that are now game changers in the treatment of MDRTB. Despite this progress, there are still obstacles restricting the use of these molecules as first-line drugs.

Amoxicillin treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia impacts bone marrow neutrophil maturation and function.

Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of death worldwide. A growing body of evidence indicates that the successful treatment of bacterial infections results from synergy between antibiotic-mediated direct antibacterial activity and the host's immune defenses. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective immune responses induced by amoxicillin, a β-lactam antibiotic used as the first-line treatment of S.

MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 membrane proteins are modified with polylactosamine chains.

Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA enveloped viruses. The helical nucleocapsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer in which are anchored three viral proteins: the spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins. The M protein is the major component of the viral envelope and is believed to be its building block.

Cytotoxic innate intraepithelial lymphocytes control early stages of infection.

Background: Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are the first immune cells to contact and fight intestinal pathogens such as , a widespread parasite which infects the gut epithelium. IFN-γ producing CD4 T IELs provide an efficient and a long-term protection against cryptosporidiosis while intraepithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells limits pathogen spreading during early stages of infection in immunodeficient individuals. Yet, the role of T-cell like innate IELs, the most frequent subset of innate lymphocytes in the gut, remains unknown.

Activation of Nod2 signaling upon norovirus infection enhances antiviral immunity and susceptibility to colitis.

Over 90% of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis are caused by human noroviruses (NoVs), which persist in a substantial subset of people allowing their spread worldwide. This has led to a significant number of endemic cases and up to 70,000 children deaths in developing countries. NoVs are primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

Prevalence and Association of spp., spp., and sp. in Poultry.

Poultry and poultry meat are considered the most important sources of human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis. However, data about the occurrence of and concomitantly with intestinal protozoa such as sp. in poultry remain very scarce.