Associations of Obesity with Post-Treatment Risks of Cervical Precancer and Cancer.

Background: Individuals with obesity have an increased risk of cervical cancer, in part related to challenges associated with cervical sampling and visualization that result in missed detection of cervical precancers. The influence of obesity on the effectiveness of excisional treatment of detected cervical precancers and post-treatment disease risk is unknown.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate post-treatment risks of cervical precancer and cancer by body mass index (BMI).

Paraganglioma of the Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Presenting as a Thyroid Nodule.

Paragangliomas are abnormal growth cells of neuroectodermal origin that arise from the autonomic nervous system. Head and neck paragangliomas are rare, commonly benign and often have a hereditary origin. Head and neck paragangliomas most commonly arise in the carotid bodies, vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, and the sympathetic chain.

Calendar-period trends in cervical precancer and cancer diagnoses since the introduction of human papillomavirus and cytology co-testing into routine cervical cancer screening at Kaiser Permanente Northern California.

Objectives: The longer-term impact of introducing human papillomavirus (HPV) testing into routine cervical cancer screening on precancer and cancer rates by histologic type has not been well described. Calendar trends in diagnoses were examined using data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, which introduced triennial HPV and cytology co-testing in 2003 for women aged ≥30 years.

Methods: We examined trends in cervical precancer (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 [CIN3] and adenocarcinoma in situ [AIS]) and cancer (squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] and adenocarcinoma [ADC]) diagnoses per 1000 screened during 2003-2018.

The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) II: Temporal Factors Related to Diesel Exhaust Exposure and Lung Cancer Mortality in the Nested Case-Control Study.

Background: The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) was an important contributor to the International Agency for Research on Cancer reclassification of diesel exhaust as a Group I carcinogen and subsequent risk assessment. We extended the DEMS cohort follow-up by 18 y and the nested case-control study to include all newly identified lung cancer deaths and matched controls (DEMS II), nearly doubling the number of lung cancer deaths.

Objective: Our purpose was to characterize the exposure-response relationship with a focus on the effects of timing of exposure and exposure cessation.

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between and within countries in Europe: a population-based study.

Background: Reducing socioeconomic inequalities in cancer is a priority for the public health agenda. A systematic assessment and benchmarking of socioeconomic inequalities in cancer across many countries and over time in Europe is not yet available.

Methods: Census-linked, whole-of-population cancer-specific mortality data by socioeconomic position, as measured by education level, and sex were collected, harmonized, analysed, and compared across 18 countries during 1990-2015, in adults aged 40-79.

A comparison of high-grade cervical abnormality risks in women living with and without human immunodeficiency virus undergoing routine cervical-cancer screening.

As the US moves increasingly towards using human papillomavirus (HPV) testing with or without concurrent cytology for cervical cancer screening, it is unknown what the corresponding risks are following a screening result for women living with HIV (WLWH), which will dictate the optimal clinical follow-up. Therefore, using medical records data from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, which introduced triennial HPV and cytology co-testing in women aged 30-64 years in 2003, we compared risks of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or more severe diagnoses (CIN2+) in women not known to have HIV (HIV[-] women) (n = 67,488) frequency matched 111:1 on age and year of the first co-test to the 608 WLWH (n = 608). WLWH were more likely to test HPV positive (20.

Evaluation of I transfer in the environment based on the available measurements made in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident.

This study evaluates the I transfer from ground deposition to the human thyroid gland after the Chernobyl accident using measurements of I concentrations in 1,252 soil, 124 grass, and 136 cow's milk samples as well as I thyroid activity measured in 3,100 individuals included in the Belarusian-American cohort. The following parameters of an I environmental transfer model used to calculate thyroid doses were evaluated in this study: (i) the interception factor of I by pasture grass, which was described by a purely empirical equation, (ii) the removal rate of I from pasture grass due to weathering and growth dilution, estimated to be 0.0676 d (half-life of 10.

A novel cervical cancer screen-triage-treat demonstration project with HPV self-testing and thermal ablation for women in Malawi: Protocol for a single-arm prospective trial.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among Malawian women, despite being preventable through screening and preventive therapy. In 2004, Malawi implemented a national screening program, using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy, but its success has been limited due to equipment and human resources challenges. Since the development of that program, new technologies for screening and treatment that are less resource-intensive and more scalable have become available.

Meta-analysis of agreement/concordance statistics in studies comparing self- vs clinician-collected samples for HPV testing in cervical cancer screening.

We conducted a meta-analysis of test agreement/concordance between human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in self-collected vs clinician-collected samples in 26 studies (10 071 participants) updating a previous meta-analysis on accuracy for cervical precancer. Pooled overall agreement was 88.7% (95% CI: 86.

Activity concentrations of I and other radionuclides in cow's milk in Belarus during the first month following the Chernobyl accident.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) in Ukraine on April 26, 1986 led to a considerable release of radioactive material resulting in environmental contamination over vast areas of Belarus, Ukraine and western Russian Federation. The major health effect of the Chernobyl accident was an increase in thyroid cancer incidence in people exposed as children and adolescents, so much attention was paid to the thyroid doses resulting from intakes of I. Because cow's milk consumption was the main source of I intake by people, it was important to measure the I activity concentrations in cow's milk to calculate, or to validate, the thyroid doses to the exposed population.

Insecticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: A subset meta-analysis of the North American Pooled Project.

Insecticide use has been linked to increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), however, findings of epidemiologic studies have been inconsistent, particularly for NHL subtypes. We analyzed 1690 NHL cases and 5131 controls in the North American Pooled Project (NAPP) to investigate self-reported insecticide use and risk of NHL overall and by subtypes: follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for each insecticide were estimated using logistic regression.

Areca Nut and Betel Quid Control Interventions: Halting the Epidemic.

: Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) are classified as Group 1 carcinogens. There are approximately 600 million AN/BQ users globally; the majority of users live in the Asia-Pacific region which, correspondingly, has the highest rates of oral cancer. Despite significant disease burden associated with AN/BQ use, there have been no systematic reviews of interventions to reduce product use.

FAIR data sharing: The roles of common data elements and harmonization.

The value of robust and responsible data sharing in clinical research and healthcare is recognized by patients, patient advocacy groups, researchers, journal editors, and the healthcare industry globally. Privacy and security concerns acknowledged, the act of exchanging data (interoperability) along with its meaning (semantic interoperability) across studies and between partners has been difficult, if not elusive. For shared data to retain its value, a recommendation has been made to follow the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) principles.

Pesticide use and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma: results from the North American Pooled Project (NAPP).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between pesticide exposures and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) using data from the North American Pooled Project (NAPP).

Methods: Three population-based studies conducted in Kansas, Nebraska, and six Canadian provinces (HL = 507, Controls = 3886) were pooled to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for single (never/ever) and multiple (0, 1, 2-4, ≥ 5) pesticides used, duration (years) and, for select pesticides, frequency (days/year) using adjusted logistic regression models. An age-stratified analysis (≤ 40/ > 40 years) was conducted when numbers were sufficient.

Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident-Part 2: Monte Carlo simulation of response of detectors near the thyroid.

This paper describes the calculation of the response of the most common types of radiation detectors that were used within the first few weeks after the Chernobyl accident to determine the activity of I in the thyroids of Belarusian subjects of an epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer. The radiation detectors, which were placed against the necks of the subjects, measured the exposure rates due to the emission of gamma rays resulting from the radioactive decay of I in their thyroids. Because of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the monitored subjects, gamma radiation from many radionuclides in various locations contributed to the exposure rates recorded by the detectors.

Influence of the external and internal radioactive contamination of the body and the clothes on the results of the thyroidal I measurements conducted in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. Part 1: Estimation of the external and internal radioactive contamination.

The estimation of the thyroid doses received in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident is based on the analysis of exposure-rate measurements performed with radiation detectors placed against the necks of about 130,000 residents. The purpose of these measurements was to estimate the I activity contents of the thyroids of the subjects. However, because the radiation detectors were not equipped with collimators and because the subjects usually wore contaminated clothes, among other factors, the radiation signal included, in addition to the gamma rays emitted during the decay of the I activity present in the thyroid, contributions from external contamination of the skin and clothes and internal contamination of organs other than the thyroid by various radionuclides.

A Collaborative Analysis of Individual Participant Data from 19 Prospective Studies Assesses Circulating Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Risk.

Previous prospective studies assessing the relationship between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk have shown inconclusive results, particularly for risk of aggressive disease. In this study, we examine the association between prediagnostic concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)D] and the risk of prostate cancer overall and by tumor characteristics. Principal investigators of 19 prospective studies provided individual participant data on circulating 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)D for up to 13,462 men with incident prostate cancer and 20,261 control participants.

Making the invisible visible: Oncology nursing efforts of NCI-designated cancer centers in LMICs.

An increasing majority of new cancer cases and mortality occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Nurses provide most cancer care in LMICs, yet receive limited, if any, oncology education and training. To better understand the efforts taking place to address this need, the Center for Global Health (CGH) at the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) undertook a study of global oncology nursing projects at NCI-designated cancer centers.

The Kenya cancer research and control stakeholder program: Evaluating a bilateral partnership to strengthen national cancer efforts.

Background: In response to a growing cancer burden and need for improved coordination among stakeholders in Kenya, the US National Cancer Institute and the Kenya Ministry of Health collaboratively hosted a stakeholder meeting in 2014 which identified four priority areas of need (research capacity building, pathology and cancer registries, cancer awareness and education, and health system strengthening) and developed corresponding action plans.

Methods: Surveys were conducted with participants to collect input on the progress and impact of the 2014 stakeholder meeting.

Findings: Of 69 eligible participants, 45 responded from academia, healthcare institutions, civil society, government, and international agencies.

Low Free Testosterone and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Collaborative Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies.

Background: Experimental and clinical evidence implicates testosterone in the aetiology of prostate cancer. Variation across the normal range of circulating free testosterone concentrations may not lead to changes in prostate biology, unless circulating concentrations are low. This may also apply to prostate cancer risk, but this has not been investigated in an epidemiological setting.