Carbohydrate supplementation maintains physical performance during short-term energy deficit despite reductions in exogenous glucose oxidation.

Exogenous glucose oxidation is reduced 55% during aerobic exercise after three days of complete starvation. Whether energy deficits more commonly experienced by athletes and military personnel similarly affect exogenous glucose oxidation and what impact this has on physical performance remains undetermined. This randomized, longitudinal parallel study aimed to assess the effects of varying magnitudes of energy deficit (DEF) on exogenous glucoseoxidation and physical performance compared to energy balance (BAL).

Depression is associated with lower diet quality in both pre- and post-menopausal U.S. women: NHANES 2007-2018.

Depression has been associated with adverse diet-related outcomes and women are particularly vulnerable to depression around the menopause transition. Therefore, we hypothesized that depression and postmenopausal status would be associated with lower diet quality, and that depression would be associated with lower diet quality in both pre- and post-menopausal women, but that the association would be stronger in postmenopausal women. Data from 5,634 nonpregnant women age > 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007-2018 were analyzed.

Low Carbohydrate Availability Promotes a Distinct Circulating microRNA Profile 24 Hours Following Aerobic Exercise.

Low carbohydrate availability during recovery from aerobic exercise alters skeletal muscle microRNA (miRNA) profiles, which may mechanistically regulate exercise recovery. However, its impact on circulating miRNA (c-miRNA) profiles remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of low versus adequate carbohydrate availability on c-miRNA profiles during recovery from aerobic exercise.

Home Use Therapies for Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Military Service Members with a Musculoskeletal Injury: An Updated Systematic Review Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal (MSK) injury can negatively affect service members by compromising job performance and readiness. These injuries can impact the service member's physical health, functional abilities, and quality of life (QoL). Rehabilitation therapies for MSK injuries can reduce these impacts.

Validation of livability environmental limits to heat and humidity.

Rising global temperatures, driven by climate change, pose a threat to human health and regional livability. Empirical data and biophysical model-derived estimates suggest that the critical environmental limits (CELs) for livability are dependent on ambient temperature and humidity. We use a well-validated, physiology-based, six-cylinder thermoregulatory model (SCTM) to independently derive CELs during sustained minimal, light, and moderate activity across a broad range of ambient temperatures and humidity levels and compare with published data.

Energy Deficit and Factors Associated with Energy Balance during a Combat Deployment in U.S. Army Special Operation Forces Soldiers.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between estimated energy expenditure (EE) and self-reported dietary intake (EI), and factors associated with energy balance in deployed U.S. Army Special Operations Forces (SOF) Soldiers.

A Higher-Protein, Energy Restriction Diet Containing 4 Servings of Fresh, Lean Beef per Day Does Not Negatively Influence Circulating miRNAs Associated with Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in Women with Overweight.

This study examined the acute effects of 7-d energy restriction normal-protein (NP; ∼15% of daily intake as protein) compared with higher-protein (HP; ∼38% of daily intake as protein) diets varying in quantities of fresh, lean beef on circulating miRNA expression associated with cardiometabolic disease in 16 women with overweight (mean ± SD; age: 35 ± 8.7 y; body mass index: 28.5 ± 1.

Wet military uniforms pose low risk of hypothermia while static in mild cold air.

Wet clothing is less insulative than dry clothing and consequently increases heat loss in cold air. Tactical necessity can render removal of wet clothing impossible and/or require Warfighters to remain static to avoid detection, limiting heat production and posing a threat of hypothermia (core temperature <35 °C). This study aimed to characterize body temperatures and evaluate hypothermia risk while statically exposed to 5 °C air wearing three wet military uniforms.

A Diet Containing Animal Source Protein as Fresh, Lean Beef Is More Well Liked and Promotes Healthier Eating Behavior Compared with Plant-Based Alternatives in Women with Overweight.

Background: Despite limited evidence from intervention trials, replacing animal-source protein-rich foods with plant alternatives continues to be recommended as part of a healthy dietary pattern.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine whether a diet containing fresh, lean beef elicits greater satiety, reduces ad libitum food intake, and is more acceptable compared with a diet containing plant alternatives in women with overweight.

Methods: Seventeen women with overweight (mean ± SEM, age: 33 ± 1 y; BMI: 27.

Nutritional Considerations in Exercise-Based Heat Acclimation: A Narrative Review.

In addition to its established thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects, heat stress provokes alterations in macronutrient metabolism, gastrointestinal integrity, and appetite. Inadequate energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake have been implicated in reduced exercise and heat tolerance. Classic exercise heat acclimation (HA) protocols employ low-to-moderate-intensity exercise for 5-14 days, while recent studies have evolved the practice by implementing high-intensity and task-specific exercise during HA, which potentially results in impaired post-HA physical performance despite adequate heat adaptations.

The Significance of Body Surface Area to Mass Ratio for Thermal Responses to a Standardized Exercise-Heat Stress Test.

Purpose: To evaluate the significance of body surface area-to-mass ratio (BSA/mass) on the heat-tolerance test (HTT) results. We hypothesized that individuals defined as heat tolerant (HT) would have on average higher BSA/mass compared with heat intolerant (HI) individuals.

Methods: A retrospective reanalysis of the HTT results of 517 soldiers (age, 18-38 yr; M/F, 96%:4%), who were tested by the Israel Defense Forces HTT protocol.

Association between changes in serum bone metabolism markers and bone microarchitecture changes during basic combat training - The ARMI study.

Importance: U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT) improves tibial volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and structure in most, but not all soldiers.

Ketone monoester plus high-dose glucose supplementation before exercise does not affect immediate post-exercise erythropoietin concentrations versus glucose alone.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of consuming ketone monoester plus a high dose of carbohydrate from glucose (KE + CHO) on the change in erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations during load carriage exercise compared with carbohydrate (CHO) alone. Using a randomized, crossover design, 12 males consumed KE + CHO (573 mg KE/kg body mass, 110 g glucose) or CHO (110 g glucose) 30 min before 4 miles of self-paced treadmill exercise (KE + CHO:51 ± 13%, CHO: 52 ± 12% V̇O) wearing a weighted vest (30% body mass; 25 ± 3 kg). Blood samples for analysis were obtained under resting fasted conditions before (Baseline) consuming the KE + CHO or CHO supplement and immediately after exercise (Post).

The minor allele of the serotonin transporter gene variant rs4251417 is associated with increased resilience in soldiers experiencing acute stress during survival training: preliminary findings.

Background: Variation in cognitive, emotional and physical performance in response to stress is attributable to environmental and genetic factors. Ability to adapt to stress is resilience.

Objectives: This study investigated genetic factors associated with resilience in soldiers exposed to severe stress due to intense physical and mental demands at Survive, Evade, Resist and Escape school, a unique environment to study acute stress and resiliency in real-world circumstances.

Consuming Whey Protein with Added Essential Amino Acids, Not Carbohydrate, Maintains Postexercise Anabolism While Underfed.

Purpose: Energy deficiency decreases muscle protein synthesis (MPS), possibly due to greater whole-body essential amino acid (EAA) requirements and reliance on energy stores. Whether energy deficit-induced anabolic resistance is overcome with non-nitrogenous supplemental energy or if increased energy as EAA is needed is unclear. We tested the effects of energy as EAA or carbohydrate, combined with an EAA-enriched whey protein, on postexercise MPS (%·h -1 ) and whole-body protein turnover (g protein·240 min -1 ).

Body mass index is a barrier to obesity treatment.

The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) obesity drug guidance is set on the basis of body mass index (BMI), with thresholds of either BMI ≥30 or BMI ≥27 kg/m with weight-related comorbidities. While BMI is associated with obesity-related health outcomes, there are known limitations to use as a direct measure of body fat or metabolic health, and the American Medical Association has highlighted limitations of BMI in assessing individual obesity risks. BMI thresholds impose a barrier to treatment.

Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics: Normative Reference Values for U. S. Army National Guard Soldiers.

Objective: The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) is a computerized cognitive test system used extensively with military service members. The aim of this study was to develop a nationally representative normative dataset of Army National Guard (ARNG) personnel and to explore potential relationships between ANAM performances and select military service, demographic, and health factors.

Methods: ANAM performance data were collected using standardized procedures from a representative sample of ARNG service members in six U.

caffeine consumption, cognitive performance, and sleep in special forces soldiers during a 96-h combat exercise.

Introduction: This observational study investigated the effects of sleep deprivation and ad libitum caffeine consumption on cognitive performance, risk behavior, and mood among 28 Israeli Special Forces (SF) soldiers (mean age: 20.57 ± 0.92 years) during a 96-hour combat exercise.

Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Postprandial Amino Acid Responses on Markers of Satiety following the Acute Consumption of Lean Beef-Rich Meals in Healthy Women with Overweight.

The consumption of protein-rich foods stimulates satiety more than other macronutrient-rich foods; however, the underlying mechanisms-of-action are not well-characterized. The objective of this study was to identify the direct and indirect effects of postprandial amino acid (AA) responses on satiety. Seventeen women (mean ± SEM, age: 33 ± 1 year; BMI: 27.

Exogenous erythropoietin increases hematological status, fat oxidation, and aerobic performance in males following prolonged strenuous training.

This study investigated the effects of EPO on hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), time trial (TT) performance, substrate oxidation, and skeletal muscle phenotype throughout 28 days of strenuous exercise. Eight males completed this longitudinal controlled exercise and feeding study using EPO (50 IU/kg body mass) 3×/week for 28 days. Hgb, Hct, and TT performance were assessed PRE and on Days 7, 14, 21, and 27 of EPO.

Defining Overweight and Obesity by Percent Body Fat instead of Body Mass Index.

Objective: Thresholds for overweight and obesity are currently defined by body mass index (BMI), a poor surrogate marker of actual adiposity (percent body fat, %BF). Practical modern technologies provide estimates of %BF but medical providers need outcome-based %BF thresholds to guide patients. This analysis determines %BF thresholds based on key obesity-related comorbidities, exhibited as metabolic syndrome (MetSyn).

In Vitro Fermentation Shows Polyphenol and Fiber Blends Have an Additive Beneficial Effect on Gut Microbiota States.

Polyphenols and fermentable fibers have shown favorable effects on gut microbiota composition and metabolic function. However, few studies have investigated whether combining multiple fermentable fibers or polyphenols may have additive beneficial effects on gut microbial states. Here, an in vitro fermentation model, seeded with human stool combined from 30 healthy volunteers, was supplemented with blends of polyphenols (PP), dietary fibers (FB), or their combination (PPFB) to determine influence on gut bacteria growth dynamics and select metabolite changes.

Load carriage exercise increases calcium absorption and retention in healthy young women.

Aerobic exercise reduces circulating ionized Ca (iCa) and increases parathyroid hormone (PTH), but the cause and consequences on Ca handling are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of strenuous exercise on Ca kinetics using dual stable Ca isotopes. Twenty-one healthy women (26.