An AC electrothermal self-circulating system with a minimalist process to construct a biomimetic liver lobule model for drug testing.

Liver-on-chip, due to its precision and low cost for constructing models, has tremendous potential for drug toxicity testing and pathological studies. By applying APAP (acetaminophen) treatment of different concentrations, a dynamic self-circulating liver lobule model for drug testing was proven useful for emulating the human physiological system. However, the demand for a dynamic system of on-chip organs is difficult to fulfil due to the relatively cumbersome fabrication processes.