Overexpression of cytochrome P450 and esterase genes involved in permethrin resistance in larvae and adults of Culex quinquefasciatus.

Mosquitoes are important vectors of several arthropod-borne diseases, which remain a priority for epidemiological research. Mosquito vector control strategies have traditionally relied on chemical insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance in many mosquito species.

The Laboratory and Semi-Field Larvicidal Effects of Essential Oil Extracted from against Patton.

This study intended to evaluate the larvicidal activity of leaf essential oil against the wild population of Patton larvae in laboratory and semi-field environments. Larvae mortality was observed after 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure. In laboratory condition, the essential oil showed good larvicidal activity against (LC = 85.

The Lichen Genus (Lobariaceae, Peltigerales) in East African Montane Ecosystems.

The lichen flora of Africa is still poorly known. In many parts of the tropics, recent studies utilizing DNA methods have revealed extraordinary diversity among various groups of lichenized fungi, including the genus . In this study, East African species and their ecology are reviewed using the genetic barcoding marker nuITS and morphological characters.

Malaria vector feeding, peak biting time and resting place preference behaviors in line with Indoor based intervention tools and its implication: scenario from selected sentinel sites of Ethiopia.

In Ethiopia, malaria incidence has significantly reduced in the past decade through the combined use of conventional vector control approaches and treatment using antimalarial drugs. However, the sustainability of this achievement is threatened by the shift in biting and resting behaviors and emergence of insecticide resistance by the primary malaria vector. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the behaviour of malaria mosquitoes in different sentinel sites is crucial to design effective prevention and control methods in the local context.

Cladophialophora bantiana metabolites are efficient in the larvicidal and ovicidal control of Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus and have low toxicity in zebrafish embryo.

Mosquitoes' current insecticide resistance status in available public health insecticides is a serious threat to mosquito control initiatives. Microbe-based control agents provide an alternative to conventional pesticides and insecticides, as they can be more targeted than synthetic insecticides. The present study was focused on identifying and investigating the mosquitocidal potential of Cladophialophora bantiana, an endophytic fungus isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica.

Synergies of integrated pest and pollinator management in avocado farming in East Africa: An ex-ante economic analysis.

Using synthetic pesticides to manage pests can threaten pollination services, affecting the productivity of pollination-dependent crops such as avocado. The need to mitigate this negative externality has led to the emergence of the concept of integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM) to achieve both pest and pollinator management, leading to complementary or synergistic benefits for yield and quality of the harvest. This paper aims to evaluate the potential economic and welfare impact of IPPM in avocado production systems in Kenya and Tanzania.

Anti-mosquito properties of Pelargonium roseum (Geraniaceae) and Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) essential oils against dominant malaria vectors in Africa.

Background: More than 90% of malaria cases occur in Africa where the disease is transmitted by Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. This study evaluated the anti-mosquito properties of Juniperus virginiana (JVO) and Pelargonium roseum (PRO) essential oils (EOs) against larvae and adults of An. gambiae sensu lato (s.

Diet and Oviposition Deprivation Effects on Survivorship, Gonotrophic Dissociation, and Mortality of s.s.

Diet quality is of paramount importance for egg batch size, longevity, and mortality of vector mosquitoes. Oviposition site presence and absence assumed to be dry season means a lot to the survivorship and mortality of most anthropophilic malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. This study has assessed the effect of different diets and oviposition-site deprivation (OSD) on survivorship, longevity, and mortality of s.

Preliminary investigation and intervention of the suspected plague outbreak in Madunga, Babati District-Tanzania.

Background: Rodents are known to be reservoirs of plague bacteria, Yesinia pestis in the sylvatic cycle. A preliminary investigation of the suspected plague outbreak was conducted in Madunga Ward, Babati District Council in Manyara Region December-2019-January 2020 Following reported two cases which were clinically suspected as showing plague disease symptoms.

Method: The commensal and field rodents were live trapped using Sherman traps in Madunga Ward, where plague suspect cases were reported and, in the Nou-forest reserve areas at Madunga Ward, Babati District Council, to assess plague risk in the area.

Field evaluation of Veeralin, an alpha-cypermethrin + PBO long-lasting insecticidal net, against natural populations of in experimental huts in Muheza, Tanzania.

The success of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) as the primary method for preventing malaria is threatened by pyrethroid resistance in vectors. New generation long-lasting nets incorporating PBO synergist (piperonyl butoxide) with pyrethroid are designed to control insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. The efficacy of Veeralin® PBO LLINs was evaluated in experimental huts against wild free-flying pyrethroid-resistant ().

A single low dose of primaquine is safe and sufficient to reduce transmission of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes regardless of cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme activity in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania.

Background: Primaquine is a pro-drug and its active metabolite is potent against mature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. Primaquine is metabolized by a highly polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme. Mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme may lead to impaired primaquine activity.

Is it time for Africa to adopt primaquine in the era of malaria control and elimination?

Primaquine is a gametocytocidal drug known to significantly reduce malaria transmission. However, primaquine induces a dose-dependent acute hemolytic anemia (AHA) in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency that has led to a limited use of the drug especially in Africa where the condition is common. The World Health Organization (WHO) now recommends a single low dose (SLD) of primaquine (0.

Characterization and Evaluation of spp. (Metsch.) Sorokin Isolates for Their Temperature Tolerance.

A field survey was done in teak ( F.) forests in South India to explore the entomopathogenic effect of (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes) against teak defoliator, (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). About 300 soils and infected insect samples were collected during the survey and thirty-six fungal isolates were isolated from soil and insect samples and characterized.

Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles Integrated Ointment Base for Repellent Activity Against Aedes aegypti L.

The present study focused on preparing a nano-ointment base integrated with biogenic gold nanoparticles from Artemisia vulgaris L. leaf extract. As prepared, nano-ointment was characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the morphology of the nano-ointment was confirmed through a scanning electron microscope.

Insecticidal Efficacy of Microbial-Mediated Synthesized Copper Nano-Pesticide against Insect Pests and Non-Target Organisms.

Currently, medical and stored grain pests are major concerns of public health and economies worldwide. The synthetic pesticides cause several side effects to human and non-target organisms. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized from an aqueous extract of and screened for insecticidal activity against , , , and other non-target organisms such as , and .

Diversity of (Collemataceae, Ascomycota) in East African Montane Ecosystems.

Tropical mountains and especially their forests are hot spots of biodiversity threatened by human population pressure and climate change. The diversity of lichens in tropical Africa is especially poorly known. Here we use the mtSSU and nuITS molecular markers together with morphology and ecology to assess (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) diversity in the tropical mountains of Taita Hills and Mt.

Larvicidal and histopathology effect of endophytic fungal extracts of and .

Background: Mosquitoes biolarvicides remain the most important method for mosquito control. The previous studies have shown -expressed larvicidal properties against mosquito species. The present study evaluated larvicidal and histopathological effect of an endophytic fungus isolated from theCactus stem ( Mill)

Method: The molecular identification of isolated was done by PCR amplification (5.

Development of a practical framework for sustainable surveillance and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Africa.

A workshop on ticks and tick-borne diseases (T&TBDs) was held on June 25 and 26, 2019, at the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Arusha, Tanzania. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss the current situation and to formulate actionable strategies to improve surveillance and control of T&TBDs in Africa. The workshop was funded by the National Research Foundation and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology and attended by livestock health providers, farmers, and researchers from East, West, and Southern African countries.

The Impact of Insecticide Pre-Exposure on Longevity, Feeding Succession, and Egg Batch Size of Wild s.l.

Background: Insecticide resistance among the vector population is the main threat to existing control tools available. The current vector control management options rely on applications of recommended public health insecticides, mainly pyrethroids through long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance does not provide information on important factors that affect parasite transmission.

Malaria Morbidities Following Universal Coverage Campaign for Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets: A Case Study in Ukerewe District, Northwestern Tanzania.

Background: Surveillance of the clinical morbidity of malaria remains key for disease monitoring for subsequent development of appropriate interventions. This case study presents the current status of malaria morbidities following a second round of mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on Ukerewe Island, northwestern Tanzania.

Methods: A retrospective review of health-facility registers to determine causes of inpatient morbidities for every admitted child aged <5 years was conducted to ascertain the contribution of malaria before and after distribution of LLINs.

The effect of inoculation on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick () repellency of acetone extracts of .

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of (Hypocreales) inoculum on plant growth, volatile constituents, and tick repellency of the extracts of (Amaryllidaceae).

Materials And Methods: Eight-week-old potted seedlings of were each inoculated with conidia of (strain SM3) suspended at a concentration of 1×10 conidia mL. Tissue colonization by fungal conidia was assessed after 3 weeks.

Co-exposure risks of pesticides residues and bacterial contamination in fresh fruits and vegetables under smallholder horticultural production systems in Tanzania.

This study was carried out to investigate the risks of simultaneous exposure to pesticide residues and bacteria contaminants in locally produced fresh vegetables and vegetables in Tanzania. A total of 613 samples were analyzed for pesticide residues, out of which 250 were also analyzed for bacterial contamination. Overall, 47.

Acute pesticide poisoning amongst adolescent girls and women in northern Tanzania.

Background: Acute pesticide poisoning (APP) is reported to affect community health worldwide but its burden in Tanzania is unknown particularly in women. This study examines APP involving adult females and adolescent girls 10 to 19 years in 3 regions of Tanzania which are famous for coffee and vegetable production.

Methods: Over the period of 12 months, health facility-based surveillance for cases of APP was implemented in 10 Tanzanian healthcare facilities in 2006.