Preganglionic Injury of C8 Nerve Root Secondary to Shoulder Disloca tion: Diagnosis based on MRI Findings.

Introduction: Traumatic spinal root injury caused by shoulder dislocation may involve the brachial plexus or, in some cases, a single nerve. The degree of severity of the injury depends on many patient-specific factors as well as the mechanism of injury. It is essential to suspect this type of lesion by means of a thorough physical examination in order to have better patient outcomes.

Posterolateral stabilization of the elbow by autologous ligament reconstruction to limit long-term development of osteoarthritis.

Background: Posterolateral instability is the most frequent form of both acute and chronic elbow instability. Joint incongruity due to posterolateral unlocking leads to shear and compression stress of the internal aspect of the humeroulnar joint. We carried out long-term analysis of patients with posterolateral elbow instability in order to determine whether, in addition to improving their symptoms, reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament complex may play a protective role against the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Medial-lateral versus lateral-only pinning fixation in children with displaced supracondylar humeral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Supracondylar humeral fractures (SCHFs) are frequent in children, and closed reduction with percutaneous pin fixation remains the standard surgical treatment for displaced SCHFs. Two pinning configurations, medial-lateral crossed entry pinning (MLP) and lateral-only entry pinning (LP), are widely used, but which one is superior to another one is still debatable. This meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of both pinning fixation methods.

Outcomes after Anterior Interosseous Nerve to Ulnar Motor Nerve Transfer.

 Ulnar nerve lesions proximal to the elbow can result in loss of intrinsic muscle function of the hand. The anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) to deep motor branch of the ulnar nerve (DBUN) transfer has been demonstrated to provide intrinsic muscle reinnervation, thereby preventing clawing and improving pinch and grip strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the AIN to DBUN transfer in restoring intrinsic muscle function for patients with traumatic ulnar nerve lesions.

Optimal timing of needle electromyography to diagnose lesion severity in traumatic radial nerve injury.

Introduction/aims: In patients with traumatic radial nerve injury (RNI), the chance of spontaneous recovery must be balanced against the benefits of early surgical reconstruction. We aimed to explore the time-specific value of needle electromyography (NEMG) to diagnose nerve lesion severity.

Methods: In this retrospective diagnostic accuracy study at Leiden Nerve Center, patients at least 12 years of age with RNI caused by fractures or fracture treatment were included.

Intraoral neurofibroma: A case report with emphasis on immunohistochemical markers.

A neurofibroma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. They occur in combination with neurofibromatosis or as a solitary mass. Intraoral neurofibromas pose diagnostic difficulties, suggesting the appropriate use of diagnostic markers and clinical knowledge.

An Unusual Case of Bilateral Subperiosteal Orbital Hemorrhage.

Subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage usually occurs in the setting of facial or orbital trauma. Non-traumatic subperiosteal orbital hemorrhage (NTSOH) has rarely been reported in literature. The proposed mechanism of NTSOH is the transmission of sudden increase in cranial venous pressure to the orbital veins, which are valveless.

CNS and CNS diseases in relation to their immune system.

The central nervous system is the most important nervous system in vertebrates, which is responsible for transmitting information to the peripheral nervous system and controlling the body's activities. It mainly consists of the brain and spinal cord, which contains rich of neurons, the precision of the neural structures susceptible to damage from the outside world and from the internal factors of inflammation infection, leading to a series of central nervous system diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, nerve inflammation, etc., these diseases may cause irreversible damage on the central nervous or lead to subsequent chronic lesions.

Tender Nasal Traumatic (TNT) Neuroma: Case Report and Review.

A traumatic neuroma occurs at the injury site of a peripheral nerve; however, albeit rarely, this variant of a neuroma can involve a nerve that has not experienced penetrating trauma. A lower extremity amputation stump is the most common location of a traumatic neuroma. Traumatic neuromas may be symptomatic; tumor-associated pain can be severe and significantly affect the patient's quality of life.

Positive Outcomes of Early Task-Specific Training and Action Observation Mirror Therapy Following Infarction of Hand Knob Area: A Case Report.

Traumatic nerve damage or compression neuropathy is the most common cause of unilateral weakness in an upper extremity. Rarely, a central nervous system lesion may cause syndromes that initially appear to indicate peripheral nerve injury. The most well known of these is pseudoperipheral hand palsy, which is typically brought on by a minor brain lesion in the contralateral motor cortex.

Arthroscopic Bone Block Procedure for Posterior Shoulder Instability: Updated Surgical Technique.

Posterior shoulder instability is generally caused by traumatic posterior dislocations or repetitive microtrauma during sports or other activities and has an annual incidence rate of 4.64 per 100,000 person-years. Several surgical techniques to treat posterior shoulder instability have been described, including soft-tissue repair and both open and arthroscopic bone block procedures.

An Epidemiological and Etiological Analysis of 5026 Peripheral Nerve Lesions from a European Level I Trauma Center.

Background: Peripheral nerve lesions are associated with debilitating long-term consequences. Albeit being essential for evidence-based clinical decision making, epidemiological and etiological data are scarce. We therefore aimed to comprehensively analyze epidemiological and etiological factors of peripheral nerve lesions in one of the largest cohorts.

The Yin/Yang Balance of Communication between Sensory Neurons and Macrophages in Traumatic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain.

Traumatic peripheral neuropathic pain is a complex syndrome caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system. Secondary to the lesion, resident or infiltrating macrophages proliferate and initiate a cross-talk with the sensory neurons, at the level of peripheral nerves and sensory ganglia. The neuron-macrophage interaction, which starts very early after the lesion, is very important for promoting pain development and for initiating changes that will facilitate the chronicization of pain, but it also has the potential to facilitate the resolution of injury-induced changes and, consequently, promote the reduction of pain.

Magnetic Resonance as a Method for Diagnosis for Traumatic Lesions by Brachial Plexus Avulsion.

 The incidence of traumatic brachial plexus injuries has been increasing considerably in Brazil, mainly due to the increase in the number of motorcycle accidents. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of brachial plexus avulsion lesions, comparing it with the findings of physical and intraoperative examination.  A total of 16 patients with brachial plexus injury were prospectively evaluated and treated at the hand surgery outpatient clinic from our service.

[Microsurgical reconstruction after traumatic lesion of the peripheral facial nerve].

In this case report, a 17-year-old female underwent microsurgical exploration and neurorrhaphy after a glass pane accident resulting in traumatic lesion of the right temporal facial nerve branch. Nine months after reconstruction she had regained function of the frontalis muscle. When patients with traumatic facial nerve injuries are admitted to hospital, it is crucial to consult with a microsurgical center to ensure that reconstruction is completed within 24-72 hours from the time of accident to regain mimetic function.

Etiological and epidemiological characteristics of surgically treated radial nerve lesions: A 20-year single-center experience.

Introduction: Radial nerve lesions present a clinical entity that may lead to disability, psychological distress, and job loss, and thus requires great attention. Knowledge of the etiology and exact mechanism of the nerve impairment is of great importance for appropriate management of these patients, and there are only a few papers that focused on these features in patients with surgically treated radial nerve lesions. The lack of studies presenting the etiology and injury mechanisms of surgically treated radial nerve lesions may be due to a relatively small number of specialized referral centers, dispersion to low-flow centers, and a greater focus on the surgical treatment outcomes.

Hematogenous Macrophages Contribute to Fibrotic Scar Formation After Optic Nerve Crush.

Although glial scar formation has been extensively studied after optic nerve injury, the existence and characteristics of traumatic optic nerve fibrotic scar formation have not been previously characterized. Recent evidence suggests infiltrating macrophages are involved in pathological processes after optic nerve crush (ONC), but their role in fibrotic scar formation is unknown. Using wild-type and transgenic mouse models with optic nerve crush injury, we show that macrophages infiltrate and associate with fibroblasts in the traumatic optic nerve lesion fibrotic scar.

Ultrasound-guided-electromyography in plegic muscle: Usefulness of nerve stimulation.

Introduction/aims: In traumatic nerve lesions (TNLs), motor unit potentials (MUPs) may be difficult to detect in early injury. Ultrasound-guided electromyography (US-EMG) can aid in identifying areas of muscle activation, but its sensitivity can be improved. In this study we compare the sensitivity of US-EMG alone with US-EMG after peripheral nerve stimulation (NC-US-EMG) to better identify active muscle regions.

A Rare Case of a Schwannoma on the Foot - Case Report.

A Schwannoma is an infrequent lesion. This tumor derives from the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves; in most cases, it is benign and rarely presents in the foot and ankle region. Patients affected by this type of pathology are usually asymptomatic.

The impact of different exercise protocols on rat soleus muscle reinnervation and recovery following peripheral nerve lesion and regeneration.

Incomplete functional recovery following traumatic peripheral nerve injury is common, mainly because not all axons successfully regenerate and reinnervate target muscles. Exercise can improve functional outcomes increasing the terminal sprouting during the muscle reinnervation. However, exercise is not a panacea per se.

4-Aminopyridine Induces Nerve Growth Factor to Improve Skin Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration.

The discovery of ways to enhance skin wound healing is of great importance due to the frequency of skin lesions. We discovered that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), a potassium channel blocker approved by the FDA for improving walking ability in multiple sclerosis, greatly enhances skin wound healing. Benefits included faster wound closure, restoration of normal-appearing skin architecture, and reinnervation.

Resistance exercise promotes functional test via sciatic nerve regeneration, and muscle atrophy improvement through GAP-43 regulation in animal model of traumatic nerve injuries.

Resistance training improves muscle strength through a combination of neural plasticity and muscle hypertrophy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise on sciatic nerve regeneration and histology, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) expressions, and soleus muscle atrophy following traumatic nerve injuries in Wistar rats. In the present study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: healthy control (HC) as a sham group was exposed to the surgical procedures without any sciatic nerve compression, lesioned control (LC), resistance training (RT,non-lesioned), and lesioned rats + RT (LRT) (n = 10 in each).

Detection of Traumatic and Postoperative Nerve Lesions following Upper Extremity Fractures in a Pediatric Cohort Using MR Neurography.

Introduction:  Fractures of the upper extremity are common traumatic injuries in children. Nerve lesions are a rare but typical complication of these fractures. Additional to physical, electrophysiological, and sonographic examinations, magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) can be used to assess the degree and exact localization of nerve damage.