Activated/Cycling Treg Deficiency and Mitochondrial Alterations in Immunological Non-Responders to Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background: Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis, but their dynamics are altered in a subset of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) known as immunological non-responders (INRs). INRs fail to reconstitute CD4 T-cell counts despite viral suppression. This study aimed to examine Treg dysregulation in INRs, comparing them to immunological responders (IRs) and healthy controls (HCs).

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Precision Medicine: Multi-Omics and Spatial Multi-Omics Approaches in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).

In this comprehensive review, we delve into the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) in refining the application of multi-omics and spatial multi-omics within the realm of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) research. We scrutinized the current landscape of multi-omics and spatial multi-omics technologies, accentuating their combined potential with AI to provide unparalleled insights into the molecular intricacies and spatial heterogeneity inherent to DLBCL. Despite current progress, we acknowledge the hurdles that impede the full utilization of these technologies, such as the integration and sophisticated analysis of complex datasets, the necessity for standardized protocols, the reproducibility of findings, and the interpretation of their biological significance.

Hsa-miR-214-3p inhibits breast cancer cell growth and improves the tumor immune microenvironment by downregulating B7H3.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors play an important role in the treatment of solid tumors, but the currently used immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) show limited clinical efficacy in many breast cancers. B7H3 has been widely reported as an immunosuppressive molecule, but its immunological function in breast cancer patients remains unclear.

Methods: We analyzed the expression of B7H3 in breast cancer samples using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases.

Association of circulating adiponectin and leptin levels with the risk of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Background: Adipokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications due to their roles in metabolic regulation and inflammation. However, the relationship between these adipokines and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) remains unclear.

Methods: A case-control study was performed with 198 patients with DPN and 205 T2DM patients without DPN from the Endocrinology Department at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University.

Insights into targeting LKB1 in tumorigenesis.

Genetic alterations to serine-threonine kinase 11 () have been implicated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and tumorigenesis. Further exploration of the context-specific roles of liver kinase B1 (LKB1; encoded by ) observed that it regulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-related kinases. Given that both migration and proliferation are enhanced with the loss of LKB1 activity combined with the prevalence of genetic alterations in cancer biopsies, LKB1 was marked as a tumor suppressor.

Frequency, characteristics, and immunological accompaniments of ataxia in anti-NMDAR antibody-associated encephalitis.

Introduction: Very rarely, adult NMDAR antibody-associated encephalitis (NMDAR-E) leads to persistent cerebellar atrophy and ataxia. Transient cerebellar ataxia is common in pediatric NMDAR-E. Immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia may be associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), kelch-like family member 11 (KLHL11), and glutamate kainate receptor subunit 2 (GluK2) antibodies, all of which may co-occur in NMDAR-E.

Conservation of structural brain connectivity in people with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. Structures affected in MS include the corpus callosum, connecting the hemispheres. Studies have shown that in mammalian brains, structural connectivity is organized according to a conservation principle, an inverse relationship between intra- and interhemispheric connectivity.

A spatially constrained independent component analysis jointly informed by structural and functional network connectivity.

There are a growing number of neuroimaging studies motivating joint structural and functional brain connectivity. The brain connectivity of different modalities provides an insight into brain functional organization by leveraging complementary information, especially for brain disorders such as schizophrenia. In this paper, we propose a multimodal independent component analysis (ICA) model that utilizes information from both structural and functional brain connectivity guided by spatial maps to estimate intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs).

Disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow as predictive classifiers for small cell lung cancer patients.

Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive disease characterized by early metastasis. Aneuploid CD31 disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) and CD31 disseminated tumor endothelial cells (DTECs) residing in the bone marrow are generally considered as the initiators of metastatic process. However, the clinical significance of DTCs and DTECs in SCLC remains poorly understood.

Identifying Promising Immunomodulators for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Islet Transplantation.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune chronic disorder that damages beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and results in hyperglycemia due to the loss of insulin. Exogenous insulin therapy can save lives but does not stop disease progression. Thus, an effective therapy may require beta cell restoration and suppression of the autoimmune response.

Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Biomarkers in Coronary Heart Disease Comorbidity.

Coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension (HTN), depression (Dep), and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are often comorbid, resulting in an exacerbated patient condition and worsened prognosis. A lack of systematic metabolomic studies on comorbidities of CHD remains. Therefore, comprehensive metabolomic-based evaluation of comorbidities of CHD is necessary.

Association Between Infection and Serum Neurotransmitter Levels in Major Depressive Disorder Patients: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh.

() is an obligate, intracellular, neurotropic protozoan parasite. After primary infection, parasite undergoes stage conversion from fast-replicating tachyzoites to slow-replicating dormant bradyzoites, particularly in the brain, and persists for a lifetime of an individual. In this study, the impact of infection in individuals with psychological disorder, that is, major depressive disorder (MDD) has been studied.

High-Speed Sequential DNA Computing Using a Solid-State DNA Origami Register.

DNA computing leverages molecular reactions to achieve diverse information processing functions. Recently developed DNA origami registers, which could be integrated with DNA computing circuits, allow signal transmission between these circuits, enabling DNA circuits to perform complex tasks in a sequential manner, thereby enhancing the programming space and compatibility with various biomolecules of DNA computing. However, these registers support only single-write operations, and the signal transfer involves cumbersome and time-consuming register movements, limiting the speed of sequential computing.

Targeted Radionuclide Therapy Activates Prodrugs for Treating Metastasis.

Over 90% of cancer patients succumb to metastasis, yet conventional frontline therapy struggles to halt the progression of metastatic tumors. Targeted radionuclide therapy, which delivers radiation precisely to tumor sites, shows promise for treating metastasis. The rational design of a prodrug activation platform using radionuclides would be an ideal approach to synergize chemotherapy with targeted radionuclide therapy, yet it has not been established.

Transcriptomic profiling of "brain-eating amoeba" infection in mice: the host and the protozoa perspectives.

The free-living amoeba (NF) causes a rare but lethal parasitic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Currently, this disease lacks effective treatments and the specific molecular mechanisms that govern NF pathogenesis and host brain response remain unknown. To address some of these issues, we sought to explore naturally existing virulence diversity within environmental NF isolates.

Predicting microbe-disease associations via graph neural network and contrastive learning.

In the contemporary field of life sciences, researchers have gradually recognized the critical role of microbes in maintaining human health. However, traditional biological experimental methods for validating the association between microbes and diseases are both time-consuming and costly. Therefore, developing effective computational methods to predict potential associations between microbes and diseases is an important and urgent task.

HBV and HCV testing outcomes among marginalized communities in Italy, 2019-2024: a prospective study.

Background: The health of the marginalized populations is crucial for public health and inequalities. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Hepatitis Report 2024 stated that over 304 million people were living with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)/Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection in 2022. We performed HBV/HCV screenings among marginalized communities to reveal hidden infections and link-to-care positive participants.

A study of long-term GABA and high-energy phosphate alterations in the primary motor cortex using anodal tDCS and H/P MR spectroscopy.

Introduction: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and cerebral energy consumption in the brain. This study aims to investigate long-term GABA and cerebral energy modulation following anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex.

Method: To assess GABA and energy level changes, proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired before and after anodal or sham tDCS.

Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair by Pars Plana Vitrectomy with and without Scleral Buckling: A Propensity Score Analysis.

Purpose: To evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) who received primary repair by combined pars plana vitrectomy with scleral buckling (PPV/SB) or pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone by using a propensity analysis.

Patients And Methods: This study was a single center retrospective observational study. Medical records of patients who underwent surgical interventions between January 2013 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.

Neurological manifestations of encephalitic alphaviruses, traumatic brain injuries, and organophosphorus nerve agent exposure.

Encephalitic alphaviruses (EEVs), Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI), and organophosphorus nerve agents (NAs) are three diverse biological, physical, and chemical injuries that can lead to long-term neurological deficits in humans. EEVs include Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis viruses. This review describes the current understanding of neurological pathology during these three conditions, provides a comparative review of case studies vs.

Bacterial growth and antimicrobial resistance in urinary isolates among men with lower UTI in Swedish primary healthcare: retrospective data over a 4 year period.

Background: , the most common bacterium causing urinary tract infections (UTIs), is increasingly reported as resistant to multiple antibiotics. Swedish surveillance data from hospital and primary health care (PHC) report a 17%-19% prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin in from urine cultures in men over 20 years of age. Surveillance data may include nosocomial infections.

Prognostic Implications of the Bethesda System in Fine-Needle Aspiration for Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma.

Context.—: Fine-needle aspiration is an effective tool for sampling thyroid nodules; its results are classified according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC), whose categories define malignancy risks.

Objective.

Polygenic score distribution differences across European ancestry populations: implications for breast cancer risk prediction.

Background: The 313-variant polygenic risk score (PRS) provides a promising tool for clinical breast cancer risk prediction. However, evaluation of the PRS across different European populations which could influence risk estimation has not been performed.

Methods: We explored the distribution of PRS across European populations using genotype data from 94,072 females without breast cancer diagnosis, of European-ancestry from 21 countries participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and 223,316 females without breast cancer diagnosis from the UK Biobank.