380 results match your criteria: "Toxicity Phosgene"
Innovations in isocyanate synthesis for a sustainable future.
Org Biomol Chem
November 2024
Department of Physical Chemistry, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, CEP SP-13563-120, São Carlos, Brazil.
Isocyanates play a crucial role as key building blocks in the production of thermoplastic foams, elastomers, adhesives, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. These compounds are essential in the manufacture of various polymeric products, such as polyurethane foams, synthetic rubbers, and surface coatings. Given their significance, and the fact that many isocyanates are highly reactive and toxic, there is an increasing demand for innovative and sustainable methods for their synthesis and detection that emphasize safety, efficiency, and selectivity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA simple AIE-based indole-benzimidazole probe for the ratiometric fluorescent detection of phosgene in an almost neat aqueous solution.
Talanta
February 2025
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, 461000, PR China; The College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
Exploiting decarbonylation and dehydrogenation of formamides for the synthesis of ureas, polyureas, and poly(urea-urethanes).
Chem Sci
September 2024
EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST UK
Article Synopsis
- - The text discusses new, safer methods for synthesizing urea derivatives, polyureas, and poly(urea-urethanes), which traditionally rely on toxic materials like isocyanates and phosgene gas.
- - Researchers have developed a synthesis method using a ruthenium pincer catalyst, where urea derivatives and polyureas are produced from the self-coupling of formamides and diformamides, while poly(urea-urethanes) come from coupling diformamides and diols.
- - This innovative approach eliminates harmful gases (CO and H) and introduces new mechanistic insights into the decarbonylation of formamides, supported by experimental and DFT computational
Chemical mechanisms of hexachlorobutadiene reactions in the environment.
Environ Pollut
November 2024
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) is a harmful chemical that poses risks to human health and is regulated but still found in the environment.
- This review highlights the industrial sources of HCBD, how it forms, and its chemical reactions in air, water, and biological systems.
- The study emphasizes the need for more research to understand how HCBD behaves in the environment, particularly its degradation through photochemical reactions that may create other toxic substances.
Metal-Free Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Sulfonylureas via Direct Reaction of Sulfonamides with Amides.
J Org Chem
September 2024
Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India.
Article Synopsis
Electron-donating and -withdrawing groups discriminate the fluorometric sensing of phosgene.
Anal Methods
August 2024
Molecular Sensor and Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India.
Article Synopsis
- Phosgene, diphosgene, and chlorine are highly toxic choking agents that can cause serious respiratory issues, including death, leading to the development of small-molecule fluorescent probes for safe detection.
- Two designed probes, TCAO and HMBT, were evaluated, with TCAO showing greater selectivity and sensitivity for phosgene detection due to its electron-donating group.
- TCAO was further studied, revealing a significant increase in its quantum yield upon phosgene exposure and achieving a detection limit of 51 nm, with a user-friendly paper-strip method for onsite monitoring.
A Ratiometric Benzimidazole-Based Fluorescent Probe for The Recognition of Phosgene in Solution and Gaseous Phases.
J Fluoresc
July 2024
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, PR China.
Article Synopsis
- There is a pressing need to create an easy and effective method for detecting phosgene due to its high toxicity and extensive use.
- The research introduced a new fluorescent probe (Probe 1) that features benzimidazole and benzothiazole, demonstrating rapid sensitivity and low detection limits for phosgene.
- Additionally, the probe can be integrated into polystyrene membrane test strips, allowing for the visual detection of phosgene gas with a smartphone app, showcasing its practicality for real-world applications.
Chloropicrin induced ocular injury: Biomarkers, potential mechanisms, and treatments.
Toxicol Lett
May 2024
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Ocular tissue, particularly the cornea, is highly sensitive to chemicals, and the increasing use of chloropicrin (CP) as a pesticide raises risks for both intentional and accidental exposure.
- Exposure to CP leads to immediate damage to the eyes, respiratory system, and skin, but there is limited understanding of how it causes this toxicity or how to effectively treat it.
- The review covers recent research on CP's toxicity mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies, challenges in studying chemical injuries, and technologies that could help identify medical countermeasures for ocular damage from chemical agents.
Galectin-3 inhibition ameliorates alveolar epithelial cell pyroptosis in phosgene-induced acute lung injury.
Int Immunopharmacol
May 2024
Center of Emergency and Critical Medicine in Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Research Center for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Medicine of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai 201508, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Phosgene, a toxic gas, can lead to serious lung injuries in cases of accidental exposure, and the biological mechanisms behind this injury are not well understood.
- Recent research using single-cell RNA sequencing identified that the protein Galectin-3 (Gal3) was present at significantly higher levels in the lungs of mice affected by phosgene-induced acute lung injury (P-ALI).
- Inhibiting Gal3 and removing specific immune cells (alveolar macrophages) reduced lung cell death and damage in experimental models, suggesting targeting Gal3 could improve treatment strategies for P-ALI.
The risk associated with organophosphorus nerve agents: from their discovery to their unavoidable threat, current medical countermeasures and perspectives.
Chem Biol Interact
May 2024
Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France; OPGS Pharmaceuticals, Paris BioTech Santé, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, F-75014, Paris, France. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- * These nerve agents are highly lethal, targeting the nervous system by blocking an enzyme (AChE) that helps with neurotransmission, leading to severe health issues or death if not treated quickly.
- * Research is focusing on developing better antidotes, such as modified reactivators that can cross the blood-brain barrier, to improve treatment for victims exposed to these toxic agents.
Comment on "Detection of exposed phosgene in household bleach: development of a selective and cost-effective sensing tool" by S. Saha and P. Sahoo, , 2023, , 1144.
Environ Sci Process Impacts
April 2024
International Isocyanate Institute, Inc., Mountain Lakes, NJ, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The formation of phosgene from bleach powder is disputed due to a lack of a clear carbon source.
- Other factors not addressed by the authors might have impacted the results, potentially leading to misleading conclusions.
- The study raises concerns about the accuracy of the findings regarding the chemical reactions involved.
How To Get Isocyanate?
ACS Omega
March 2024
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
Article Synopsis
- * Nonphosgene methods for synthesizing isocyanate involve creating carbamate from nitro-amino compounds and other reagents, followed by thermal decomposition to obtain isocyanate.
- * The article highlights advancements in catalysts, especially single-component metal catalysts like zinc, and how composite catalysts improve yields by optimizing reaction conditions such as temperature and pressure.
Phosgene Toxicity Clinical Manifestations and Treatment: A Systematic Review.
Cell J
February 2024
Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email:
Article Synopsis
- Exposure to phosgene, a colorless poisonous gas, can cause serious health issues including respiratory symptoms like coughing and difficulty breathing, as well as effects on other organs such as the heart and skin.
- This systematic review analyzed 13 studies to provide insights on phosgene toxicity, its clinical manifestations, and treatment options, using established guidelines and quality assessment tools.
- Key treatments include bronchodilators for bronchoconstriction, oxygen therapy for low oxygen levels, and, in severe cases, intubation and mechanical ventilation to support breathing.
[Basic research and clinical innovative treatment in patients with sudden mass phosgene poisoning].
Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue
December 2023
Emergency and Critical Illness Center, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China. Corresponding author: Shen Jie, Email:
Article Synopsis
- Phosgene is a hazardous chemical used in production but poses serious risks as it can cause deadly poisoning, especially in accidents during production or transportation.
- In China, there have been numerous phosgene poisoning incidents over the past 20 years, often leading to acute lung injuries and high mortality rates due to its undetectable and concentrated nature.
- The paper summarizes the mechanisms of phosgene poisoning, clinical symptoms, and treatment approaches, aiming to improve emergency responses and clinical outcomes for affected individuals.
An in-silico porcine model of phosgene-induced lung injury predicts clinically relevant benefits from application of continuous positive airway pressure up to 8 h post exposure.
Toxicol Lett
January 2024
School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- This research introduces a computational model that simulates the effects of lung injury caused by phosgene in pigs, based on extensive experimental data from 37 subjects.
- The model effectively aligns with real-life data, allowing for investigation into the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on treatment outcomes after chemical exposure.
- Findings suggest starting CPAP treatment within 8 hours and using low-flow oxygen can provide better clinical results, establishing the model as a valuable tool for future studies on lung injury treatments while potentially reducing animal testing.
A novel 2-(2-aminophenyl) imidazo [1,5-a] pyridine-based fluorescent probe for rapid detection of phosgene.
Anal Bioanal Chem
January 2024
Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China.
Article Synopsis
- Phosgene is a dangerous and toxic gas that poses significant risks to human health and security, making its detection critical.
- A new fluorescent probe has been developed that changes from faint green to strong blue fluorescence upon contact with phosgene, enhancing its visibility and detection capability.
- This probe shows high efficiency, sensitivity (detecting as low as 2.68 nM), and selectivity, and it can be used with a portable test strip that effectively reveals phosgene presence at low concentrations (1 ppm), which is crucial for safety.
Countermeasures against Pulmonary Threat Agents.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
January 2024
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Article Synopsis
- * The use of chemical warfare agents has increased in recent conflicts, raising concerns about the potential for industrial and agricultural chemicals being weaponized, especially near populated areas.
- * Current regulations are insufficient to prevent inhalational injuries, and while emergency treatments exist, long-term complications can arise, necessitating ongoing medical care.
Deciphering the electrochemical sensing capability of novel GaAs nanocluster towards chemical warfare phosgene gas: insights from DFT.
RSC Adv
September 2023
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Saudi Arabia.
Article Synopsis
- The text discusses the potential use of GaAs nanoclusters as sensors for detecting toxic phosgene gas, addressing a gap in the research on semiconductor nanomaterials in warfare detection.
- Computational methods like DFT and TD-DFT were used to model and analyze the adsorption capabilities of these nanoclusters, revealing strong interaction energies and various electronic properties.
- The analysis indicates that GaAs nanoclusters, particularly the complex MS8, have high reactivity and sensitivity due to strong electrostatic and chemical bonds, as well as effective electron delocalization with phosgene.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin protects against phosgene-induced acute lung injury by activating the ID1-dependent anti-inflammatory response.
Eur J Pharmacol
October 2023
Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- * Alpha-1 antitrypsin (α1-AT), a protease inhibitor used for emphysema, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may help treat phosgene-induced ALI.
- * The study found that α1-AT is produced by neutrophils in response to phosgene exposure and that administering α1-AT can reduce inflammation and cell death by activating a protective mechanism involving the ID1 gene.
Dermal Exposure to Vesicating Nettle Agent Phosgene Oxime: Clinically Relevant Biomarkers and Skin Injury Progression in Murine Models.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
January 2024
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.G.G., E.O.M.O., A.K.R., O.M., N.T.-S.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.S.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; MRIGlobal, Kansas City, Missouri (R.T., W.S., P.A., C.R.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (R.A.)
Article Synopsis
- * In experiments with mice, exposure to CX vapor for just half a minute to one minute led to serious skin reactions, such as redness and swelling, along with notable changes in vital signs, and even deaths in both mouse strains tested.
- * The study highlights a lack of understanding about CX’s long-term effects on skin injuries and identifies potential clinical biomarkers which could help in the development of treatments and further understanding of its toxicity.
A new highly sensitive fluorescent probe for visualization of phosgene in liquid and gas phases.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc
December 2023
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Phosgene is a highly toxic chemical that poses significant risks to public health, necessitating the development of efficient detection methods.
- Researchers have created a new fluorescent probe called BCyP that can detect phosgene in both liquid and gas forms, enhancing safety and response capabilities.
- This probe achieves high sensitivity with up to a 400-fold increase in fluorescence upon detecting phosgene, a quick response time of under 17 seconds, and a low detection limit of 0.12 ppm, making it practical for use in visual detection methods like paper strips integrated with smartphone technology.
CO-Blown Nonisocyanate Polyurethane Foams.
ACS Macro Lett
August 2023
Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
Article Synopsis
- Polyurethane foams are typically made from toxic chemicals, but nonisocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) offers a safer alternative that hasn't been thoroughly researched due to challenges in creating foams.
- The study focused on synthesizing amine-CO adducts and their ability to absorb and release carbon monoxide (CO), achieving significant CO desorption rates.
- Successfully, these amine-CO adducts were utilized as a foaming agent to create low-density NIPU foams through heating, demonstrating a new approach to foaming without harmful isocyanates.
Pathogenetic role of alveolar surfactant depleted by phosgene: Biophysical mechanisms and peak inhalation exposure metrics.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
September 2023
Covestro Deutschland AG, Global Phosgene Steering Group, 51365, Leverkusen, Germany. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- The physicochemical properties of gases, specifically 'hydrophilicity' and 'lipophilicity', significantly affect how gases like phosgene are retained in the lungs, particularly in the alveolar region due to the presence of pulmonary surfactant (PS).
- The relationship between phosgene exposure and health effects is complex, influenced by how PS is affected over time and how it relates to the inhaled doses.
- A kinetic model was developed to analyze the interaction between phosgene concentration, exposure duration, and PS levels, suggesting that the best understanding of exposure standards for phosgene is through a time-averaged C × t metric (concentration multiplied by time).
A Naked Eye and Fluorescence Turn-on Sensor for Smartphone Assisted Solid and Solution Phase Sensing of Highly Toxic Triphosgene.
J Fluoresc
March 2024
Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
Article Synopsis
- - *A new chemosensor based on 1,8-naphtalimide features a Schiff base linkage, designed for the quick detection of the toxic chemical triphosgene.* - *This sensor can specifically identify triphosgene at low concentrations (6.15 µM with UV-vis and 1.15 µM with fluorescence), even amid other chemicals like phosgene.* - *It allows for on-site detection using a smartphone for image analysis of color changes, and it can also detect triphosgene in solid phase using specially modified materials.*
A coumarin-pyrazole-based probe for the fluorescence detection of phosgene with high selectivity and sensitivity.
Anal Methods
June 2023
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, P. R. China.
Article Synopsis
- * The probe, referred to as probe 1, demonstrates a rapid detection time of less than 30 seconds and possesses high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 4.78 nM in liquid solutions.
- * Probe 1 was used to create paper test strips for gas detection, achieving a detection limit of 0.014 ppm when analyzed using a smartphone app, showcasing its potential for practical applications in safety monitoring.