612 results match your criteria: "Toxicity Phencyclidine"
The effect of phencyclidine-mediated blockade of NMDA receptors in the early postnatal period on glutathione and sulfur amino acid levels in the rat brain as a potential causative factor of schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood.
Pharmacol Rep
August 2024
Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland.
Article Synopsis
- The study investigates the effects of phencyclidine (PCP), an NMDA receptor antagonist, on brain biochemistry and behavior in rats, particularly in relation to schizophrenia-like symptoms.
- Male Sprague-Dawley pups were treated with PCP during early development, and results showed significant changes in levels of key antioxidants and amino acids, as well as altered enzyme activity in different brain regions.
- Findings indicated that PCP treatment led to long-term social and cognitive deficits, decreased locomotor activity, and reduced body weight, supporting the use of PCP as a model for studying schizophrenia's development.
3-Methoxy-Phencyclidine Induced Psychotic Disorder: A Literature Review and an F-FDG PET/CT Case Report.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
March 2024
Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Article Synopsis
- * 3-MeO-PCP, which affects NMDA receptors in the brain, has been linked to serious health issues, including psychotic disorders and cognitive impairments, although much remains unknown about its long-term effects.
- * A literature review highlights a case of a 29-year-old man who developed substance-induced psychotic symptoms after using 3-MeO-PCP, suggesting that better understanding of these substances could lead to improved clinical care and treatment options for affected individuals.
GABAergic and inflammatory changes in the frontal cortex following neonatal PCP plus isolation rearing, as a dual-hit neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia.
Mol Neurobiol
September 2024
School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
Article Synopsis
- * Researchers investigated changes in GABAergic interneuron populations and inflammatory markers in the rats' brains, finding significant reductions in GABA markers like parvalbumin and increased activation of microglia in the PCP-Iso group compared to those with single-hit isolation.
- * These results support the use of the PCP-Iso model for future research into treatments aimed at correcting excitatory-inhibitory balance and addressing neuroinflammation related to schizophrenia.
Phencyclidine-Like Abuse Liability and Psychosis-Like Neurocognitive Effects of Novel Arylcyclohexylamine Drugs of Abuse in Rodents.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther
June 2024
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas (H.E.S., D.R.P., B.M.G., L.R.F., W.E.F.); Drug Enforcement Administration, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC (T.M.C.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland (C.R.J.)
Article Synopsis
- Novel arylcyclohexylamine (ACX) compounds, derived from drugs like PCP, PCE, and ketamine, are linked to significant health risks, including harmful neurocognitive effects.
- A study tested various analogs on adult mice and rats, demonstrating that PCP-like and PCE-like ACXs were potent locomotor stimulants, while ketamine-like ones were less effective compared to amphetamines.
- The research found that certain chemical modifications influenced locomotor effects and could induce lethal outcomes, highlighting the substantial abuse potential and toxicities of these new ACXs compared to their parent drugs.
Intoxication of dogs and cats with common stimulating, hallucinogenic and dissociative recreational drugs.
Vet Anim Sci
March 2023
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy.
Article Synopsis
- Pets can be exposed to illegal drugs either accidentally, intentionally, or through malicious means, with rising concerns due to increased drug use in humans.
- Many pet owners are unaware of their pets' exposure to drugs or hesitant to disclose recreational drug use in their households for fear of legal issues.
- A study reviews common recreational drugs (like amphetamines, MDMA, and cocaine) concerning their harmful effects, how they affect pets, and treatment options for affected dogs and cats.
Arylcyclohexylamine Derivatives: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, Clinical and Forensic Aspects.
Int J Mol Sci
December 2022
Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition, Métabolisme et Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France.
Article Synopsis
- - Since the 2000s, there has been a rise in new psychoactive substances (NPS), particularly Arylcyclohexylamine (ACH) compounds like ketamine, which are increasingly used recreationally despite limited toxicity data.
- - ACH compounds work as antagonists against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, causing dissociative effects that separate the mind from the body, and are often not classified as narcotics, making them legal in many places.
- - The text discusses the pharmacology, chemistry, metabolism, and real case reports of intoxication related to ACH derivatives, particularly focusing on the differences between synthetic ketamine derivatives produced in Asia and traditional ketamine.
Overdoses and deaths related to the use of ketamine and its analogues: a systematic review.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse
March 2023
Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Article Synopsis
- Ketamine is gaining recognition as a potential treatment for various mental disorders, but its misuse remains a global concern with serious consequences.
- A review of scientific literature revealed 34 articles on ketamine-related overdoses and deaths, with most cases involving males and ages ranging from 2 to 65, highlighting a significant prevalence of poly-drug use.
- Importantly, no incident of overdose or death was linked to ketamine used therapeutically as an antidepressant, suggesting it can be safe under medical supervision, though recreational use poses considerable risks.
Adolescent nicotine potentiates the inhibitory effect of raclopride, a DR antagonist, on phencyclidine-sensitized psychotic-like behavior in mice.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
December 2022
Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- * It finds that nicotine does not worsen psychotic-like behavior induced by phencyclidine and might actually help reduce these behaviors under certain conditions, specifically when combined with raclopride, a drug that targets dopamine receptors.
- * Overall, the results suggest that nicotine may improve the effectiveness of treatments for psychotic symptoms by influencing dopamine receptor activity, rather than exacerbating psychotic behaviors in adolescent mice.
Fingolimod ameliorates schizophrenia-like cognitive impairments induced by phencyclidine in male rats.
Br J Pharmacol
January 2023
Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Article Synopsis
- Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are still a significant challenge due to the absence of effective treatments, but fingolimod, an immunomodulatory drug, shows promise for improving cognitive function by providing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
- In a rat model of schizophrenia induced by PCP, fingolimod improved cognitive abilities, enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and reduced inflammation by inhibiting certain cytokines and microglial activation.
- This study highlights the potential of targeting the immune system to tackle cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, marking the first preclinical exploration of fingolimod's effects on cognitive function related to the disorder.
Phencyclidine in Drivers and Decedents in Dallas County: A Five-Year Retrospective Review of Toxicological and Demographical Data.
J Anal Toxicol
October 2022
Forensic Chemistry Section, Dallas County Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences, 2355 N. Stemmons Fwy, Dallas, TX 75207, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The study examines PCP-positive cases received by a toxicology lab from law enforcement and medical examiners between 2015 and 2020, noting a total of 898 out of 43,940 test requests were positive for PCP, consistently representing 2.04% of all submissions.
- Subjects were predominantly black males aged 18 to 71, with median PCP concentrations varying by case type; though DWI cases had lower concentrations than medical examiner (ME) cases, both showed concurrent use of other drugs in nearly 70% of instances.
- The majority of ME cases were classified as accidental deaths, with drug toxicity being a common cause, highlighting trends that can inform future policy and testing protocols in toxicology.
The First Fatal Intoxication with 3-MeO-PCP in the UK and a Review of the Literature.
J Anal Toxicol
May 2022
School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
Article Synopsis
- 3-methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) is a strong dissociative drug that is popular for recreational use but can cause serious psychological and physical effects.
- It was officially classified as a Schedule II substance under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances in 2021 due to its harmful impacts, with reports of multiple fatalities linked to its use.
- The first reported death from 3-MeO-PCP in the UK highlights the need for caution among users, especially in high-energy environments like clubs, where increased heart rate and body temperature may worsen toxicity.
Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative stress-related effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and phencyclidine (PCP) in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line.
Arh Hig Rada Toksikol
December 2021
1Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
Article Synopsis
- LSD and PCP are hallucinogens that have different levels of popularity and toxicity, with limited research on their neurotoxic effects at the cellular level.
- A study assessed the impact of these substances on human neuroblastoma cells, showing that both drugs caused significant DNA damage and affected oxidative stress markers.
- LSD was found to be more harmful than PCP, resulting in more severe DNA damage and greater oxidative effects in these cells.
In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmaco-Toxicological Characterization of 1-Cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene Derivatives in Mice: Comparison with Tramadol and PCP.
Int J Mol Sci
July 2021
Section of Legal Medicine and LTTA Centre, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Article Synopsis
- - 1-cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene is a new psychoactive substance discovered in 2012, consisting of three stereoisomers (ortho, meta, and para) related to tramadol and phencyclidine, both of which have toxic effects.
- - In lab studies, these compounds don't interact with certain opioid receptors but do affect motor skills, pain response, and body temperature regulation in mice, similar to tramadol and phencyclidine.
- - Naloxone can partially counteract some visual impairments caused by these substances, but not other effects, indicating that 1-cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene might have complex pharmaco-toxicological risks that could
The potential of the P2X7 receptor as a therapeutic target in a sub-chronic PCP-induced rodent model of schizophrenia.
J Chem Neuroanat
October 2021
Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliation Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- The study investigates the effect of the P2X7 receptor on cognitive dysfunction using a mouse model of schizophrenia induced by phencyclidine (PCP).
- Mice were categorized into groups based on saline or PCP doses, and cognitive tests (open-field and Morris water maze) assessed their behavior and memory.
- Results showed that blocking the P2X7 receptor improved spatial memory and reduced hypermotor behavior, indicating its significant role in cognitive function related to schizophrenia.
Phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibition alters medial prefrontal cortical activity during goal-driven behaviour and partially reverses neurophysiological deficits in the rat phencyclidine model of schizophrenia.
Neuropharmacology
March 2021
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, United Kingdom. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Recent research is investigating how phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, specifically PDE1B, can positively influence cognitive and behavioral issues tied to the corticoaccumbal circuit, which is important for memory and motivation.
- In an experiment with rats, the PDE1B inhibitor Lu AF64386 improved certain behaviors associated with goal-directed activity but did not affect overall task accuracy, while also reducing neuron activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
- Treatment with PCP, which models schizophrenia, disrupted neuron firing patterns, but these effects—including those on reward cues and communication between mPFC and nucleus accumbens (NAc)—were reversed by Lu AF64386,
Long-term outcomes of psychoactive drug use in trauma patients: A multicenter patient-reported outcomes study.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg
February 2021
From the Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care (M.E.M., K.B., G.V., H.M.A.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Surgery (J.P.H.-E., A.S.), Division of Trauma, Burn and Surgical Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Center for Surgery and Public Health (J.P.H.-E., C.O., A.N.H., A.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Department of Psychiatry (N.C.L.-C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Trauma, Burn and Critical Care Surgery (D.N.), Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care (S.E.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
Article Synopsis
- Psychoactive drug use (PDU) affects up to 40% of trauma patients and is linked to higher in-hospital complications, but its long-term impact is not well understood.
- A study evaluated trauma patients 6 to 12 months after injury to assess the long-term effects of PDU on functional, mental, and psychosocial outcomes, using a structured phone interview.
- Results from 571 patients showed that those with PDU were generally younger, had more severe injuries, lower educational attainment, and were more prone to chronic pain and mental health disorders post-injury.
Preventive role of regular low-intensity exercise during adolescence in schizophrenia model mice with abnormal behaviors.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun
January 2021
Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Sport Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Schizophrenia may arise from developmental issues during pregnancy and can be influenced by environmental factors, but current treatments are limited.
- Low-intensity exercise training (LET) shows promise in mitigating neurodevelopmental abnormalities linked to schizophrenia, particularly when applied during adolescence.
- In animal studies, LET not only prevented cognitive and behavioral impairments after schizophrenia-inducing treatments but also enhanced dopamine function and signaling pathways in the brain.
Neonatal phencyclidine and social isolation in the rat: effects of clozapine on locomotor activity, social recognition, prepulse inhibition, and executive functions deficits.
Psychopharmacology (Berl)
February 2021
Porsolt SAS, ZA de Glatigné, 53940, Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France.
Article Synopsis
- A dual-hit model of schizophrenia was created using neonatal PCP treatment and social isolation in male rat pups to assess behavioral changes related to schizophrenia symptoms.
- The study aimed to further characterize these behaviors and evaluate the effects of chronic clozapine treatment on these schizophrenia-related signs.
- Results showed that PCP-treated rats exhibited significant hyperactivity and social recognition issues, which were mitigated by clozapine treatment, supporting the model's validity for studying schizophrenia.
Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in behavioral abnormalities and psychological dependence in schizophrenia-like model mice.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol
December 2020
Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
Article Synopsis
- The study investigates the role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in schizophrenia (SCZ) patients' smoking behavior, linking it to changes in gene expression.
- It finds that levels of the α7 nAChR subunit are decreased in both human cells from SCZ patients and in a mouse model of SCZ, particularly after withdrawal from the drug phencyclidine (PCP).
- The research suggests that nicotine administration can help alleviate certain symptoms of SCZ by targeting specific nAChRs, indicating that SCZ patients may smoke to self-medicate rather than due to nicotine addiction.
Mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles improve behavioral and biochemical deficits in a phencyclidine model of schizophrenia.
Transl Psychiatry
September 2020
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Article Synopsis
- Schizophrenia is a challenging mental disorder that many patients struggle to treat, prompting researchers to explore new treatment options, such as using Phencyclidine (PCP) as a model to study the illness in mice.
- The study investigates whether delivering extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through the nose could improve symptoms related to schizophrenia, particularly in the prefrontal cortex area of the brain.
- Results show that this method enhances social interactions and reduces abnormal brain activity in mice treated with PCP, suggesting that MSC-derived EVs could offer a promising new approach to treating schizophrenia.
Repeated phencyclidine disrupts nicotinic acetylcholine regulation of dopamine release in nucleus accumbens: Implications for models of schizophrenia.
Neurochem Int
November 2020
Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Dopaminergic dysfunction in the nucleus accumbens is linked to schizophrenia, and cholinergic interneurons regulate dopamine function through nicotinic receptors.
- Research using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in rat brain slices showed that phencyclidine treatment disrupts the cholinergic modulation of dopamine release, simulating features of schizophrenia.
- The study found that phencyclidine causes long-term changes in cholinergic control over dopamine release, potentially explaining behavioral deficits in schizophrenia and suggesting new treatment avenues.
Clozapine Improves Behavioral and Biochemical Outcomes in a MK-801-Induced Mouse Model of Schizophrenia.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol
June 2020
Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
Article Synopsis
Assessment of a portable quadrupole-based gas chromatography mass spectrometry for seized drug analysis.
Forensic Sci Int
August 2020
NMS Labs, Horsham, PA, USA.
Article Synopsis
- The text discusses the use of cutting agents to adulterate drugs, which raises health risks for users due to their toxic effects and potential interactions.
- A study validated a portable gas chromatography mass spectrometer to effectively identify various drugs and adulterants in seized materials.
- The method accurately detected 24 specific compounds, demonstrating its reliability for forensic analysis compared to traditional laboratory techniques.