30 results match your criteria: "Toxicity Mushroom ‚AEi Orellanine"
The most dreadful mushroom toxins: a review of their toxicological mechanisms, chemical structural characteristics, and treatment.
EXCLI J
May 2024
CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences/ Inov4Agro - Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001- 801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Article Synopsis
- Eating mushrooms is popular all over the world, but picking wild ones can be very dangerous if you accidentally eat a poisonous type.
- Mushroom poisoning can be hard to diagnose and treat because its symptoms look like other sicknesses, and some poisonous mushrooms have incredibly strong toxins.
- There are still many toxic mushrooms that scientists haven't studied yet, and this review talks about the chemistry and dangers of these toxins, as well as ways to better identify and treat mushroom poisoning.
Toxicity induced by orellanine from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus in primary renal tubular proximal epithelial cells (RPTEC): Novel mechanisms of action.
Toxicon
November 2023
University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Jordan; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal.
Article Synopsis
- Orellanine (OR), a toxic compound found in the Cortinarius orellanus mushroom, primarily affects kidney function, specifically targeting the proximal tubular cells.
- This study aimed to understand the acute toxicity of OR by exposing human Primary Renal Tubular Proximal Epithelial Cells (RPTEC) to a specific dose and analyzing gene expression changes using advanced techniques.
- The results indicated that OR has an inhibitory concentration of 319.2 μg/ml, and its toxicity operates through multiple biological pathways, which could lead to future research on treatments for mushroom poisoning.
Orellanine: From Fungal Origin to a Potential Future Cancer Treatment.
J Nat Prod
June 2023
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Article Synopsis
- The review covers orellanine's history, structure, and toxic effects on kidney cells, noting that its selective toxicity is well-documented but not fully understood.
- Challenges in analyzing and optimizing orellanine have slowed research, but promising preclinical results have led to the start of clinical trials for its use in treating metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Evaluation of orellanine-induced toxicity from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus and the antagonistic effect of Petroselinum crispum.
Toxicon
July 2022
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan.
Article Synopsis
- Mushroom poisoning, specifically from orellanine in Cortinarius orellanus, poses a significant risk to kidney health, prompting this study to investigate its acute toxicity in rats.
- The research involved measuring the lethal dose of orellanine and comparing kidney function in groups treated with orellanine alone, orellanine plus parsley extract, parsley only, and a control group.
- Results indicated that parsley extract significantly mitigated the harmful effects of orellanine on kidney function, suggesting its potential role in treating mushroom poisoning-related kidney injuries in future studies.
Determination of Orellanine in Human Biological Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection: A Validated Method Applied to Suspected Poisoning Cases.
J Anal Toxicol
February 2023
Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 800 Avenue Marie Curie, La Voulte-sur-Rhône F-07800, France.
Article Synopsis
- Consumption of certain mushrooms, particularly those from the Cortinarius genus, can be dangerous due to the presence of a toxic compound called orellanine, which can cause kidney damage.
- Diagnosing orellanine poisoning is tricky for doctors because there’s a long delay between eating the mushrooms and showing symptoms, coupled with limited information and difficulties in accurately identifying the toxin in samples.
- The study introduces a new testing method that uses a small volume of biological samples (plasma, urine, whole blood) to effectively detect and measure orellanine levels, successfully applied in 10 suspected poisoning cases.
Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
December 2020
Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France.
Article Synopsis
- Several families of fungi produce mycotoxins that can lead to serious or fatal poisoning in humans.
- This review highlights poisoning cases associated with specific mycotoxins and emphasizes the need for better toxicological analyses to document these incidents.
- The challenges identified include a lack of analytical methods for detecting mycotoxins in biological samples due to the diversity of mushrooms and their chemical structures, hindering effective documentation and understanding of poisoning cases.
Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication.
Toxins (Basel)
May 2016
Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Article Synopsis
- Orellanine (OR) toxin, produced by Cortinarius mushrooms, causes severe kidney damage with a significant mortality rate and is diagnosed through ingestion history and tissue analysis.
- The study aimed to develop better analytical methods using HPLC and LC-MS/MS for detecting OR in tissues and to explore its toxic effects in mice.
- Results showed precise and sensitive detection of OR in kidney tissues, with the mouse model revealing new insights into OR's impact on the kidneys, spleen, and liver.
A novel orellanine containing mushroom Cortinarius armillatus.
Toxicon
May 2016
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 50011, Ames, IA, USA. Electronic address:
Article Synopsis
- Orellanine is a toxic compound found in certain Cortinarius mushrooms, which are mistaken for edible types and cause poisoning and renal failure in humans, particularly in Europe and North America.
- Recent research has shown that the Cortinarius armillatus mushroom contains orellanine, with a lower toxin level compared to other known dangerous species.
- Two diagnostic methods have been developed using HPLC and LC-MSMS for detecting and measuring orellanine in mushrooms, significantly improving sensitivity and enabling their use in veterinary diagnostics.
Human and experimental toxicology of orellanine.
Hum Exp Toxicol
September 2016
UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Article Synopsis
- * In the initial phase, patients may experience mild gastrointestinal issues before progressing to severe kidney problems, including interstitial nephritis and acute tubular damage.
- * There is no antidote for orellanine poisoning; treatment focuses on preventing complications from kidney failure, managing dialysis, and addressing chronic renal insufficiency if recovery is incomplete.
Analysis of the mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine and its glucosides.
J Nat Prod
October 2012
National Food Agency , Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
Article Synopsis
- Orellanine, a harmful toxin found in certain mushrooms, can be mistaken for edible types, leading to accidental poisonings.
- A new method using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to measure orellanine in mushrooms and blood plasma, focusing on its extraction and detection.
- The method has practical applications for ensuring food safety regarding mushroom contamination and for monitoring orellanine levels in potential cancer treatments.
Acute renal failure by ingestion of Cortinarius species confounded with psychoactive mushrooms: a case series and literature survey.
Clin Nephrol
May 2009
Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
Article Synopsis
- Mushrooms from the Cortinarius species contain a toxic compound called orellanine, which can lead to severe acute renal failure due to cytotoxic damage and the production of oxygen-free radicals.
- Recent cases of poisoning often involve mistaken identity with psychoactive mushrooms, leading to accidental or voluntary consumption.
- Symptoms may take 3 to 20 days to appear, and diagnosis typically involves identifying the mushroom spores and detecting orellanine, with treatment being mainly symptomatic, including hemodialysis.
The fungal nephrotoxin orellanine simultaneously increases oxidative stress and down-regulates cellular defenses.
Free Radic Biol Med
April 2008
The Renal Center, Department of Nephrology, University of Göteborg, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
Article Synopsis
- Confusion arises each year as various nephrotoxic species of Cortinarius mushrooms are mistaken for edible ones, leading to kidney damage due to the toxin orellanine (OR), which causes renal failure days after ingestion.
- A study on Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that OR resulted in decreased kidney function and increased oxidative stress, indicated by higher ascorbyl radicals and protein damage.
- The use of superoxide dismutase (HC-SOD) actually worsened kidney function and tissue damage, suggesting that OR-induced nephrotoxicity is linked to oxidative stress and an imbalance in antioxidant defenses.
Mycotoxins revisited: Part II.
J Emerg Med
February 2005
Department of Emergency Medicine, Beverly Hospital, Beverly, MA, USA.
Article Synopsis
- Mushrooms are commonly found in nature and are a valuable food source, but some types can be highly toxic and pose serious health risks, particularly when foraged or mistakenly ingested.
- The emergency department often sees cases of acute mushroom poisoning, which can mimic other benign illnesses, making early recognition and diagnosis challenging for clinicians.
- This two-part article aims to enhance clinical understanding of mushroom poisoning, with Part I covering the epidemiology, harmful characteristics, and classification of toxic mushrooms, while Part II focuses on symptoms from other toxic varieties and new findings related to poisonous species.
Cytotoxic fungi--an overview.
Toxicon
September 2003
Swedish Poisons Information Centre, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden.
Article Synopsis
- Amatoxins and orellanine are significant fungal toxins that damage vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and intestinal mucosa; they lead to cell death by inhibiting protein synthesis.
- Treatment mainly focuses on supportive care since there is no specific antidote, although some drugs like silibinin and acetylcysteine might help reduce liver damage.
- Other toxic mushrooms, such as Tricholoma equestre and Gyromitra species, can also cause serious health issues, including rhabdomyolysis and neurotoxicity, making early recognition and intervention crucial.
Peroxidase-mediated oxidation, a possible pathway for activation of the fungal nephrotoxin orellanine and related compounds. ESR and spin-trapping studies.
Free Radic Res
May 1998
Groupe GEDEXE, UFR de Pharmacie, Université J. Fourier de Grenoble, Meylan, France.
Article Synopsis
- Orellanine, a toxin from certain Cortinarius mushrooms, primarily affects kidney function, but its exact mechanism of toxicity is not well understood.
- Research using electron spin resonance (ESR) has shown how orellanine is activated by a peroxidase/H2O2 system, forming a reactive ortho-semiquinone radical.
- The study indicates that this radical can deplete key antioxidants like glutathione and ascorbic acid, potentially explaining the oxidative damage associated with orellanine poisoning.
Generation of oxygen radicals from iron complex of orellanine, a mushroom nephrotoxin; preliminary ESR and spin-trapping studies.
Free Radic Res
January 1998
Groupe GEDEXE, UFR de Pharmacie de Grenoble, La Tronche, France.
Article Synopsis
- - Orellanine is a toxic compound found in some Cortinarius mushrooms, known for causing severe kidney damage, and this study investigates its toxic mechanisms through various chemical analyses.
- - Research techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry, revealed the formation of a reducible complex between ferrous iron and orellanine that can facilitate the generation of harmful free radicals.
- - The findings suggest that the specific structural features of orellanine are crucial for creating a stable ferric complex, which contributes to its toxic effects through processes involving electron transfer and radical formation.
Novel methods for identification and quantification of the mushroom nephrotoxin orellanine. Thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis screening of mushrooms with electron spin resonance determination of the toxin.
J Chromatogr A
January 1997
Groupe GEDEXE, EA 588, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, Meylam, France.
Article Synopsis
- - Orellanine is a potent toxin found in various Cortinaria mushrooms that can cause serious or fatal kidney damage, making it crucial to quickly identify it in mushroom samples using simple laboratory methods.
- - The study evaluates three analytical techniques—thin-layer chromatography (TLC), agarose gel electrophoresis, and electronic spin resonance (ESR)—to detect orellanine in 34 Cortinariaceae and 4 other mushroom species, finding they are all effective without needing complex methods like HPLC.
- - Results show significant levels of orellanine in certain Cortinarius species, with the toxin easily identifiable using ESR in fresh samples, while it was absent in other tested mushrooms, debunking their toxicity claims.
First electron spin resonance evidence for the production of semiquinone and oxygen free radicals from orellanine, a mushroom nephrotoxin.
Free Radic Biol Med
October 1995
Groupe GEDEXE, UFR de Pharmacie, Université J. Fourier de Grenoble, Meylan, France.
Article Synopsis
- - Orellanine, a toxin derived from certain Cortinarius mushrooms, was previously misunderstood regarding its harmful effects on kidneys.
- - Recent research shows that orellanine undergoes one-electron oxidation, creating a radical form known as ortho-semiquinone anion radical, which can generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, leading to oxidative stress.
- - The study reveals that bioreducing agents, like GSH and cysteine, engage in a redox cycling process with orellanine, causing significant depletion of glutathione and increased oxygen consumption, which may help explain its nephrotoxicity.
Article Synopsis
- - The text discusses fluorescent cyclic decapeptides called cortinarins, which are believed to contribute to the toxicity of the mushroom Cortinarius speciosissimus.
- - The authors challenge the validity of previously proposed structures for cortinarins, suggesting they may be based on flawed research.
- - Their study finds that the fluorescence observed in these mushrooms is primarily due to a compound called ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one and breakdown products of another toxin, orellanine, rather than cyclic peptides related to cortinarins.
Orellanine inhibits protein synthesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, in rat liver mitochondria, and in vitro: indication for its activation prior to in vitro inhibition.
Toxicology
March 1991
Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, Meylan.
Article Synopsis
- Pure orellanine, a toxic compound from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus, causes severe kidney damage after ingestion and significantly inhibits macromolecule synthesis in MDCK cells and rat liver mitochondria.
- The uptake of precursors for proteins, RNA, and DNA is not noticeably affected by orellanine.
- Inhibition of protein synthesis occurs only when orellanine is pre-incubated with liver microsomal systems, suggesting that its toxic effects may be due to a metabolite formed during this process.
Article Synopsis
- The study focuses on analyzing mono- or bi-pyridines related to the mushroom toxin orellanine using QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) methods.
- Various sterical parameters and physical characteristics, including hydrophobicity, were employed to predict toxicity levels based on the relationship with LD50 values.
- The findings highlight the significant roles of hydrophobicity and molecular size in toxicity, emphasizing orellanine's unique properties within the examined compounds.
Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus (Fries). II. Impairment of renal function in rats.
Arch Toxicol
August 1988
Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
Article Synopsis
- The toxic mushroom Cortinarius orellanus causes significant kidney damage in male Sprague Dawley rats, mirroring effects seen in humans who consume it.
- Administering 2.0 g of the dried mushroom per kg body weight results in acute renal dysfunction, evident through decreased kidney filtration and absorption rates, along with the presence of proteins and glucose in urine.
- Renal damage begins within 12 hours and includes observable cellular changes, such as swelling and mitochondrial fragmentation, with toxicity indicators (orellanine) detectable in urine during the first 24 hours, but liver function remains unaffected.
Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. I. Chemical characterization of the main toxin of Cortinarius orellanus (Fries) and Cortinarius speciosissimus (Kühn & Romagn) and acute toxicity in mice.
Arch Toxicol
August 1988
Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
Article Synopsis
- Researchers isolated toxins from the mushrooms Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius speciosissimus using extraction and chromatography methods, identifying a main toxin and a minor toxin.* -
- The main toxin, orellanine, displayed significant toxicity in mice with an oral LD50 of 33 mg/kg, while the minor toxic component showed lower toxicity, primarily affecting when administered intraperitoneally.* -
- Overall toxicity of the mushrooms is due to the combined effect of these two toxins, with no evidence found for a peptidic main toxin as suggested by other experts.*
Nephrotoxicity of orellanine, a toxin from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus.
Arch Toxicol
December 1988
Laboratoire de Chimie et Toxicologie, U.F.R. de Pharmacie, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, France.
Article Synopsis
- Pure orellanine from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus is extremely toxic to mice, with lethal doses identified both when injected and ingested.
- Mice injected with orellanine exhibit kidney damage similar to that caused by consuming the whole mushroom, confirming orellanine as the primary toxin.
- Although orellanine's structure resembles that of bipyridinium herbicides, such as methylviologen, its toxic mechanism differs from these chemicals.