12 results match your criteria: "Toronto (A.K.C.); and the University of North Carolina[Affiliation]"

Long-Term Effects of Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

N Engl J Med

October 2024

From the Renal Studies Group, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (W.G.H., N.S., N.A., C.W., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., D.Z., R. Dayanandan, R.A., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., W.S., K.W., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.); the University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., M.B.), Elderbrook Solutions (D.M.), and the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); the National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine/Toranomon Hospital (T.K.) and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, and Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - all in Japan; the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and the University of Toronto, Toronto (D.Z.I.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R. Deo); Providence Health Care and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.); and Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Universitat Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.).

Article Synopsis
  • The EMPA-KIDNEY trial examined the effects of empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on patients with chronic kidney disease at risk for progression, assessing outcomes during and after the trial.
  • A total of 6609 patients were randomized, with 4891 participating in a follow-up period after the trial where they were observed for an additional 2 years, without trial medication but allowed to use other SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • Results showed that fewer primary outcome events (like kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death) occurred in the empagliflozin group (26.2%) compared to the placebo group (30.3%), suggesting lasting benefits of the drug even after the trial ended. *
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Efanesoctocog Alfa Prophylaxis for Children with Severe Hemophilia A.

N Engl J Med

July 2024

From Versiti Blood Research Institute, and the Division of Hematology and Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin - both in Milwaukee (L.M.); IRCCS Ca' Granda Maggiore Hospital Foundation, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, and Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation - both in Milan (F.P.); McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (A.K.C.C.), and the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto (M.C.) - both in Canada; Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (C.K.); the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Inherited Bleeding Disorders, Istanbul, Turkey (B.Z.); Sanofi, Cambridge, MA (H.Y., M.D.); Rush University Medical Center, Rush Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Chicago (M.S.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, Autonoma University of Madrid, IdiPAZ, Madrid (M.T.Á.R.); University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Iowa City (J.M.S.); the Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant at Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus (A.L.D.); the Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-C.C.); Centre de Référence de l'Hémophilie et des Maladies Hémorragiques Constitutionnelles and Hémostase Inflammation Thrombose, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1176, INSERM, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (R.O.); University Children's Hospital, Zurich (M.A.), and Sobi, Basel (E.S., L.A.-F.) - both in Switzerland; Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (A.Y., N.W., S.G.); and Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, Amsterdam (K.F.).

Article Synopsis
  • Once-weekly efanesoctocog alfa was tested in a phase 3 study for children under 12 with severe hemophilia A, showing promising results in preventing bleeding and maintaining factor VIII activity.
  • The study enrolled 74 patients, none of whom developed factor VIII inhibitors, and most experienced non-serious adverse events during the treatment.
  • With low annualized bleeding rates and a significant percentage of patients experiencing no bleeding episodes, efanesoctocog alfa demonstrated safety and effectiveness for this age group.
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Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

N Engl J Med

January 2023

The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., P.J., K.J.M., S.Y.A.N., E.S., D.Z., M.H., W.S., K.W., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), and the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (W.G.H., N.S., J.R.E., D.P., M.H., M.J.L., C.B., R.H.), University of Oxford, Oxford; University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg (C.W., S.B.), Boehringer Ingelheim International (S.J.H., D.S., J.E., M.B.) and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals (M.P.), Ingelheim am Rhein, Elderbrook Solutions, Bietigheim-Bissingen (D.M.), the Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim (S.J.H.) and the First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim (M.B.), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, and the Department of Nephrology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich (D.S.) - all in Germany; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (J.B.G.); University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.K.C.); National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing (Z.-H.L.), and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing (J.L.) - both in China; Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia (L.S.H., W.L.); the University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Toranomon Hospital (T.K.), and the University of Tokyo School of Medicine (M.N.), Tokyo, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara (S.G.) - both in Japan; University of British Columbia, Vancouver (A.L.), and University of Toronto, Toronto (D.C.) - both in Canada; Università degli Studi and IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino di Genova, Genoa (R.P.), and Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri Research Center, Florence (A.P.M.) - both in Italy; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.D.); Providence Health, Renton, and University of Washington, Seattle (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; and Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain (X.R.).

Background: The effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease who are at risk for disease progression are not well understood. The EMPA-KIDNEY trial was designed to assess the effects of treatment with empagliflozin in a broad range of such patients.

Methods: We enrolled patients with chronic kidney disease who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 20 but less than 45 ml per minute per 1.

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Description: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure (BP) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not receiving dialysis is an update of the KDIGO 2012 guideline on the same topic and reflects new evidence on the risks and benefits of BP-lowering therapy among patients with CKD. It is intended to support shared decision making by health care professionals working with patients with CKD worldwide. This article is a synopsis of the full guideline.

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Rituximab for High-Risk, Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children.

N Engl J Med

June 2020

From the Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology (V.M.-C., C.P.) and Clinical Research (G.V.), INSERM Unité 1015 (V.M.-C.), and the Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and INSERM Unité 1018 (A.A.), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France; the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (M.P.); the Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (G.A.A.B.), Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (K.W.), and the Department of Histopathology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London (A.W.) - all in the United Kingdom; the Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (D.A.B.); the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (R.F.D.); the Division of Haematology-Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (S.A.); the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.U.); the Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System and George Washington University, Washington, DC (C.M.B.); Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.Z.); the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (M.C.); the Department of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation, Oncology, and Hematology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland (B.K.); the Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (A.K.C.); the Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R.R.M.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (P.C.A.); and the National Cancer Institute, Center for Global Health, Rockville, MD (T.G.G.).

Background: Rituximab added to chemotherapy prolongs survival among adults with B-cell cancer. Data on its efficacy and safety in children with high-grade, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, international, randomized, phase 3 trial involving patients younger than 18 years of age with high-risk, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (stage III with an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level or stage IV) or acute leukemia to compare the addition of six doses of rituximab to standard lymphomes malins B (LMB) chemotherapy with standard LMB chemotherapy alone.

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Background In EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients) empagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease. Post hoc, we evaluated empagliflozin on kidney outcomes in patients with or without heart failure (HF). Methods and Results Individuals were randomized to empagliflozin 10 mg, 25 mg, or placebo.

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Antifungal Combinations for Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis in Africa.

N Engl J Med

March 2018

From the Centre for Global Health, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London (S.F.M., A.L., N.S., N. Karunaharan, J.A., T.B., T.S.H.), University College London (R.S.H.), and the MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (J.B.), London, and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool (T.C., D.G.L., D.W., S.J.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe (C. Kanyama, C.C., C.H., M.C.H.), Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme (R.S.H., N. Kalata, K.G., M.P., J.E.) and the College of Medicine, University of Malawi (R.S.H., N. Kalata, K.G., M.P., J.E., J.J.O.), Blantyre, and Dignitas International, Zomba Central Hospital, Zomba (A.K.C., P.B., D.L., J.J.O.) - all in Malawi; University of Dschang, Dschang (C. Kouanfack), Hôpital Central Yaoundé/Site Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida (ANRS) Cameroun, Yaoundé (C. Kouanfack, S. Lontsi, J.-G.N., V.S.), and Douala General Hospital (E.T., Y.N.M.) and University of Douala (Y.N.M.), Douala - all in Cameroon; the Institute for Medical Research and Training (D.C., N.S., N. Karunaharan, P.B.), University Teaching Hospital (D.C., S. Lakhi, N.S., N. Karunaharan, P.B.), and the Department of Internal Medicine and Directorate of Research and Postgraduate Studies, Lusaka Apex Medical University (P.M.), Lusaka, Zambia; the National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (S.M., S. Lesikari); Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit (E.T., O.L.), and Paris Descartes University, Necker Pasteur Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, IHU Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (O.L.), Paris; the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto (A.K.C.); and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (C.H., M.C.H.).

Background: Cryptococcal meningitis accounts for more than 100,000 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related deaths per year. We tested two treatment strategies that could be more sustainable in Africa than the standard of 2 weeks of amphotericin B plus flucytosine and more effective than the widely used fluconazole monotherapy.

Methods: We randomly assigned HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal meningitis to receive an oral regimen (fluconazole [1200 mg per day] plus flucytosine [100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day] for 2 weeks), 1 week of amphotericin B (1 mg per kilogram per day), or 2 weeks of amphotericin B (1 mg per kilogram per day).

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Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Surgical Bioprosthetic Valves: An International, Multicenter Registry Study.

Circulation

April 2016

From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).

Background: Off-label use of transcatheter aortic and pulmonary valve prostheses for tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation (TVIV) within dysfunctional surgical tricuspid valve (TV) bioprostheses has been described in small reports.

Methods And Results: An international, multicenter registry was developed to collect data on TVIV cases. Patient-related factors, procedural details and outcomes, and follow-up data were analyzed.

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Adjunctive Dexamethasone in HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.

N Engl J Med

February 2016

From the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme Vietnam (J.B., M.W., J.F., L.M., G.T., J.N.D.), Hospital for Tropical Diseases (N.T.K.C., N.V.V.C.), Cho Ray Hospital (T.Q.B., L.P.), Ho Chi Minh City, and the National Hospital for Tropical Diseases (N.V.K.) and Bach Mai Hospital (P.T.T.), Hanoi - all in Vietnam; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford (J.B., M.W., J.F., L.M., G.T., M.M., D.D., J.N.D.), University College London, London (R.H.), and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool (D.G.L.) - all in the United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda (F.M.K., A.-B.M.G., A.K.); Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok (W.C.), Ubon Sappasithiprasong Hospital, Ubon (S.S., W.S.), and Udon Thani Hospital, Udon Thani (E.T., S.O.) - all in Thailand; Dignitas International, Zomba (A.K.C., E.M., J.J.O.), and Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, Clinical Research Programme (R.H., D.G.L.), and University of Malawi College of Medicine (R.H., J.J.O.), Blantyre - all in Malawi; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto (A.K.C.); Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (D.I.) and Eijkman Oxford Clinical Research Unit (H.B.) - both in Jakarta, Indonesia; and Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital (M.M., D.D., P.P., S.R.), and University of Health Sciences (M.M.) - both in Vientiane, Laos.

Background: Cryptococcal meningitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes more than 600,000 deaths each year worldwide. Treatment has changed little in 20 years, and there are no imminent new anticryptococcal agents. The use of adjuvant glucocorticoids reduces mortality among patients with other forms of meningitis in some populations, but their use is untested in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

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Challenges and priorities for research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Working Group on thrombosis in pediatric cardiology and congenital heart disease.

Circulation

September 2014

From the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (B.W.M., C.M., L.R.B.); Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC (J.S.L., T.L.O.); Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (J.S.T.); Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (T.M.G., R.I.); Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.P.M.); Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (P.M.); Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (R.K.); Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (K.W.M.); Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., C.S.A., J.W.N.); Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC (N.V.); Coagulation Biology Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK (C.T.E.); Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO (M.J.M-.J.); McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.K.C.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ (R.P.); Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Protocol, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (M.R.); Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ (J.S.); and Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD (J.R.K.).

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Emergence of the primary pediatric stroke center: impact of the thrombolysis in pediatric stroke trial.

Stroke

July 2014

From the Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.J.B.); Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (M.J.R.); Department of Neurology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (G.d.V.), Department of Neurology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (A.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, and BloodCenter of Wisconsin (J.C.G.); Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.K.C.); Department of Pediatrics, Dell Children's Medical Center, Austin, TX (C.A.H.), Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia (R.N.I.); Department of Neurology, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX (J.C.G.); Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (L.C.J.); Department of Neurology, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT (S.B.); Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, OH (N.R.F.); Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX (M.M.D.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA (J.E.); Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX (M.T.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (S.S.); Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA (D.D.C.); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mass General Hospital for Children, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (E.F.G.); Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.J.M.); Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital, CT (L.A.B.); Department of Neurology, Seattle Children's Hospital, WA (K.S., C.A.-L.); and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle (C.A.-L.).

Article Synopsis
  • Thrombolytic therapy has enabled the establishment of primary pediatric stroke centers, similar to those for adults, aimed at rapid diagnosis and treatment of pediatric strokes during the TIPS trial.
  • Data from 17 participating centers showed significant improvements in readiness and capabilities, with over 80% of sites achieving critical systems like 24-hour stroke teams and MRI availability after preparation.
  • The TIPS trial successfully implemented standardized protocols for treating acute pediatric strokes, demonstrating enhanced clinical and system preparedness compared to pre-trial conditions.
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