Synthesis of atom-precise supported metal clusters solid-phase peptide synthesis.

While the utility of supported metal and alloy clusters as catalytic materials is widely recognized, their precise synthesis remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate the precise synthesis of these clusters metallopeptides. This technique is characterized by its ability to be automated using Merrifield's solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).

Proton Intercalation into an Open-Tunnel Bronze Phase with Near-Zero Volume Change.

Managing safety and supply-chain risks associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an urgent task for sustainable development. Aqueous proton batteries are attractive alternatives to LIBs because using water and protons addresses these two risks. However, most host materials undergo large volume changes upon H intercalation, which induces intraparticle cracking to accelerates parasitic reactions.

Zinc(ii)-mediated stereoselective construction of 1,2- 2-azido-2-deoxy glycosidic linkage: assembly of K48 capsular pentasaccharide derivative.

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is a major virulence factor of the pathogenic and a promising target for vaccine development. However, the synthesis of the 1,2--2-amino-2-deoxyglycoside core of CPS remains challenging to date. Here we develop a highly α-selective ZnI-mediated 1,2- 2-azido-2-deoxy chemical glycosylation strategy using 2-azido-2-deoxy glucosyl donors equipped with various 4,6--tethered groups.

A role of intermolecular interaction modulating thermal diffusivity in organosuperelastic and organoferroelastic cocrystals.

Although the finding of superelasticity and ferroelasticity in organic crystals has been serendipitous, an increasing number of organic crystals with such deformation properties have been witnessed. Understanding the structure-property relationship can aid in the rational selection of intermolecular interactions to design organic crystals with desired superelastic or ferroelastic properties. In this study, we investigated the mechanical deformation in two cocrystals, prepared with the parent compound, 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene with two coformers, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane and pyrene.

Towards a prebiotic chemoton - nucleotide precursor synthesis driven by the autocatalytic formose reaction.

The formose reaction is often cited as a prebiotic source of sugars and remains one of the most plausible forms of autocatalysis on the early Earth. Herein, we investigated how cyanamide and 2-aminooxazole, molecules proposed to be present on early Earth and precursors for nonenzymatic ribonucleotide synthesis, mediate the formose reaction using HPLC, LC-MS and H NMR spectroscopy. Cyanamide was shown to delay the exponential phase of the formose reaction by reacting with formose sugars to form 2-aminooxazole and 2-aminooxazolines thereby diverting some of these sugars from the autocatalytic cycle, which nonetheless remains intact.

Plastic loss of motile cilia in the gills of in response to high CO or terrestrial environments.

The evolutionary transition of vertebrates from water to land during the Devonian period was accompanied by major changes in animal respiratory systems in terms of physiology and morphology. Indeed, the fossil record of the early tetrapods has revealed the existence of internal gills, which are vestigial fish-like traits used underwater. However, the fossil record provides only limited data on the process of the evolutionary transition of gills from fish to early tetrapods.

Monitoring the courtship flight trajectory of Latham's snipe () using microphone arrays.

This study is the first to quantitatively measure the courtship display flights of Latham's snipe (), which is a "near threatened" species as of 2022 (IUCN red list of threatened species). By using a 16-channel microphone array and 8-channel microphone arrays, we localized the fine-scale movements of courtship flights of one male performing at high altitude and high speed, and we estimated the direction from which each sound arrived using robot audition. Preliminary analyses of the azimuthal and elevation angles of the courtship flights partially revealed a fine-scale flight trajectory.

Addressing the stability challenge of photo(electro)catalysts towards solar water splitting.

The efficiency and stability of photo(electro)catalytic devices are the main criteria towards practical solar fuel production. The efficiency of photocatalysts/photoelectrodes has been intensively pursued and significant progress has been achieved over the past decades. However, the development of durable photocatalysts/photoelectrodes remains one of the biggest challenges for solar fuel production.

Novel same-metal three electrode system for cyclic voltammetry studies.

Conventional three-electrode systems used in electrochemical measurement demand time-consuming and maintenance intensive procedures to enable accurate and repeatable electrochemical measurements. Traditionally, different metal configurations are used to establish the electrochemical gradient required to acquire the redox activity, and vary between different electrochemical measurement platforms. However, in this work, we report using the same metal (gold) for the counter, working and reference electrodes fabricated on a miniaturized printed circuit board (PCB) for a much simpler design.

Reducing salt intake with umami: A secondary analysis of data in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey.

Reducing sodium content in foods is an important public health measure to reduce salt intake and decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. This study quantified the amount of salt intake that could potentially be reduced by using umami substances, including glutamate, inosinate, and guanylate, without compromising taste, for adults in the United Kingdom (UK). We used data comprised of 1834 adults aged 20 years and over from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS RP) 2016/2017-2018/2019.

Sr(ii) extraction by crown ether in HFC: entropy driven mechanism through HPFTOUD.

The solvent extraction of Sr(ii) was carried out using dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) and two HFC mixed solvents MS1 and MS2, where MS1 was composed of 30/60 (w/w)% -1,2-dichloroethylene/HFC-43 (HFC-43: 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane) and MS2 was 5/95 (w/w)% heptane/HFC-43. Nitric acid and perfuruoro-3-6-9-trioxaundecane-1,11-dioic acid (HPFTOUD) were used to study the effect of acid on the extraction. The maximum distribution ratio of Sr(ii) ( ) observed for HPFTOUD conditions was ∼180, and >10 times larger than aqueous nitric acid conditions.

An open source computational workflow for the discovery of autocatalytic networks in abiotic reactions.

A central question in origins of life research is how non-entailed chemical processes, which simply dissipate chemical energy because they can do so due to immediate reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, enabled the origin of highly-entailed ones, in which concatenated kinetically and thermodynamically favorable processes enhanced some processes over others. Some degree of molecular complexity likely had to be supplied by environmental processes to produce entailed self-replicating processes. The origin of entailment, therefore, must connect to fundamental chemistry that builds molecular complexity.

Greater than the parts: a review of the information decomposition approach to causal emergence.

Emergence is a profound subject that straddles many scientific disciplines, including the formation of galaxies and how consciousness arises from the collective activity of neurons. Despite the broad interest that exists on this concept, the study of emergence has suffered from a lack of formalisms that could be used to guide discussions and advance theories. Here, we summarize, elaborate on, and extend a recent formal theory of causal emergence based on information decomposition, which is quantifiable and amenable to empirical testing.

Revisiting the valence stability and preparation of perovskite structure type oxides ABO with the use of Madelung electrostatic potential energy and lattice site potential.

Valence stability of aliovalent ions is mostly correlated with lattice site potential in ionic crystals. Madelung electrostatic potential is obtained by adding all the lattice site potentials for all the ions present in a crystal structure. Therefore, valence stability and the stability of a crystal structure can be better understood with consideration of both the lattice site potential and Madelung electrostatic potential.

InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards.

Increased use and improved methodology of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry has greatly enhanced our ability to interrogate a suite of Earth-system processes. However, interlaboratory discrepancies in quantifying carbonate clumped isotope (Δ) measurements persist, and their specific sources remain unclear. To address interlaboratory differences, we first provide consensus values from the clumped isotope community for four carbonate standards relative to heated and equilibrated gases with 1,819 individual analyses from 10 laboratories.

Recent development in transition metal-catalysed C-H olefination.

Transition metal-catalysed functionalizations of inert C-H bonds to construct C-C bonds represent an ideal route in the synthesis of valuable organic molecules. Fine tuning of directing groups, catalysts and ligands has played a crucial role in selective C-H bond (sp or sp) activation. Recent developments in these areas have assured a high level of regioselectivity in C-H olefination reactions.

Hexafluoroisopropanol: the magical solvent for Pd-catalyzed C-H activation.

Among numerous solvents available for chemical transformations, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (popularly known as HFIP) has attracted enough attention of the scientific community in recent years. Several unique features of HFIP compared to its non-fluoro analogue isopropanol have helped this solvent to make a difference in various subdomains of organic chemistry. One such area is transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions.

A direct route to six and seven membered lactones γ-C(sp)-H activation: a simple protocol to build molecular complexity.

Lactones comprise a class of valuable compounds having biological as well as industrial importance. Development of a methodology to synthesize such molecules directly from readily available materials such as aliphatic carboxylic acid is highly desirable. Herein, we have reported synthesis of δ-lactones and ε-lactones selective γ-C(sp)-H activation.

Inverse Perovskite Oxysilicides and Oxygermanides as Candidates for Nontoxic Infrared Semiconductor and Their Chemical Bonding Nature.

We have synthesized inverse-perovskite-type oxysilicides and oxygermanides represented by SiO and GeO ( = Ca and Sr) and studied their characteristics in the search for nontoxic narrow band gap semiconductors. These compounds exhibit a sharp absorption edge around 0.9 eV and a luminescence peak in the same energy range.

A quantum thermometric sensing and analysis system using fluorescent nanodiamonds for the evaluation of living stem cell functions according to intracellular temperature.

Intracellular thermometry techniques play an important role in elucidating the relationship between the intracellular temperature and stem cell functions. However, there have been few reports on thermometry techniques that can detect the intracellular temperature of cells during several days of incubation. In this study, we developed a novel quantum thermometric sensing and analysis system (QTAS) using fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs).

Patterns of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. sp. 'macula'.

Background: The molecular basis of the incipient stage of speciation is still poorly understood. Cichlid fish species in Lake Victoria are a prime example of recent speciation events and a suitable system to study the adaptation and reproductive isolation of species.

Results: Here, we report the pattern of genomic differentiation between two Lake Victoria cichlid species collected in sympatry, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H.

Morphology controlling of 〈111〉-3C-SiC films by HMDS flow rate in LCVD.

Morphology of 〈111〉-oriented 3C-SiC films was transformed from mosaic to whisker to cauliflower-like with the increased flow rate () of hexametyldisilane (HMDS) in the process of laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD). The SiC whiskers were naturally sharp hexagonal pyramids with average height of 250 nm and an aspect ratio in the range of 5 to 10, with a density of 1.3 × 10 mm.