Impurity removal with highly selective and efficient methods and the recycling of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.

The use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is skyrocketing since they are widely applied in portable consumer devices and electric vehicles. However, at the end of their lifetime, large amount of spent LIBs will result in a negative environmental impact and aggravate the problem of resource shortage without proper disposal. Therefore, recycling is an effective solution, which will be enforced in the near future.