Yishen Huazhuo decoction regulates microglial polarization to reduce Alzheimer's disease-related neuroinflammation through TREM2.

Background: Aging is the primary risk factor for the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inflamma-aging is a major feature in the process of aging, and the chronic neuroinflammation caused by inflamma-aging is closely related to AD. As the main participant of neuroinflammation, the polarization of microglia (MG) could influence the development of neuroinflammation.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide alleviates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by modulating macrophage polarization via the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway.

Context: Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe condition with limited effective therapeutics; nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective: This study explores the potential mechanisms by which NMN ameliorates sepsis-induced ALI and .

Materials And Methods: Cultured MH-S cells and a murine model were used to evaluate the effect of NMN on sepsis-induced ALI.

HSC-derived exosomal miR-199a-5p promotes HSC activation and hepatocyte EMT via targeting SIRT1 in hepatic fibrosis.

Exosomes have been implicated in inflammation-related diseases, such as hepatic fibrosis (HF) and renal fibrosis, via transferring bioactive cargoes to recipient cells. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived exosomes on the initiation and development of HF by delivering microRNA (miR)-199a-5p. In HF rats with cholestasis induced by ligating the common bile duct, miR-199a-5p was upregulated while SIRT1 was downregulated in liver tissues from bile duct ligation (BDL) rats compared with that of sham rats.

FTY720 attenuates acute colitis via colonic T cells reduction and inhibition of M1 macrophages polarization independent of CCR2-mediated monocytes input.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complex multifactorial disease, of which the exact etiology is not fully understood. The inappropriate aggressive inflammatory response is closely related to the disease progression of UC. FTY720 is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist and acts as a key immunomodulator in inflammation.

Saikosaponin d modulates the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages by deactivating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in murine models of pancreatic cancer.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses a major obstacle to traditional and immunomodulatory cancer therapies and is closely associated with macrophage polarization. Saikosaponin d (SSd), a major active component of triterpene saponins derived from Bupleurum falcatum, has anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. However, whether SSd can regulate immune cells during the development of the TME in PDAC remains unknown.

S1P/S1PR2 promote pancreatic stellate cell activation and pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis by regulating autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that governs various functions by embedding its receptor, S1PR, in different cells. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by pancreatic fibrosis via activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). However, the effect of S1P on CP and PSC activation is still unknown.

Xuanfei Baidu Decoction suppresses complement overactivation and ameliorates IgG immune complex-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3/SOCS3 and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Background: The significant clinical efficacy of Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) is proven in the treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. However, the mechanisms of XFBD against acute lung injury (ALI) are still poorly understood.

Methods: In vivo, the mouse model of ALI was induced by IgG immune complexes (IgG-IC), and then XFBD (4g/kg, 8g/kg) were administered by gavage respectively.

Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells participate in the regulation of lung-gut axis during mouse emphysema model.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often accompanied by intestinal symptoms. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) possess immunosuppressive ability in cancer, chronic inflammation, and infection. The aim of this study was to verify the distribution of MDSCs in emphysema mouse model and participation in lung-gut cross-talk.

Sodium selenite inhibits proliferation and metastasis through ROS-mediated NF-κB signaling in renal cell carcinoma.

Background: Sodium selenite (SSE) has been reported to exert anti-tumor effects in several cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms in renal cancer are yet to be elucidated. The effects of SSE on the proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis of renal cancer cells, as well as its mechanism, were investigated in this study.

Metformin Attenuates Cardiac Hypertrophy the HIF-1α/PPAR-γ Signaling Pathway in High-Fat Diet Rats.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiac hypertrophy (CH) are two main causes of ischemic heart disease. Acute CAD may lead to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Long-term and sustained CH is harmful and can gradually develop into cardiac insufficiency and heart failure.

Heme oxygenase-1 protects against endotoxin-induced acute lung injury depends on NAD-mediated mitonuclear communication through PGC1α/PPARγ signaling pathway.

Endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a challenging life-threatening disease for which no specific therapy exists. Mitochondrial dysfunction is corroborated as hallmarks in sepsis which commonly disrupt mitochondria-centered cellular communication networks, especially mitonuclear crosstalk, where the ubiquitous cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is essential for mitonuclear communication. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is critical for maintaining mitochondrial dynamic equilibrium and regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi stress to alleviating acute lung injury.

NAD ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury in a sirtuin1-dependent manner via GSK-3β/Nrf2 signalling pathway.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a substantial worldwide public health concern with no specific and effective therapies in clinic. NAD is a pivotal determinant of cellular energy metabolism involved in the progression of AKI; however, its mechanism in kidney injury remains poorly understood. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD -dependent deacetylase associated with renal protection and acute stress resistance.

Lingguizhugan decoction dynamically regulates MAPKs and AKT signaling pathways to retrogress the pathological progression of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a grave health concern, with high morbidity and mortality, calling for the urgent need for new and alternative pharmacotherapies. Lingguizhugan decoction (LD) is a classic Chinese formula clinically used to treat HF. However, the underlying mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated.

Syringaresinol Resisted Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing Pyroptosis Via the Oestrogen Receptor-β Signalling Pathway.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common lung disease characterized by severe acute inflammatory lung injury in patients with sepsis. Syringaresinol (SYR) has been reported to have anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, but whether it could prevent pyroptosis to improve sepsis-induced ALI remains unclear. The purpose of this work was to examine the impact of SYR on sepsis-induced ALI and investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Saikosaponin D Attenuates Pancreatic Injury Through Suppressing the Apoptosis of Acinar Cell via Modulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory syndrome. The damage of acinar cells is the main cause of inflammation and the activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), which can thereby possibly further aggravate the apoptosis of more acinar cells. Saikosaponind (SSd), a major active ingredient derived from Chinese medicinal herb bupleurum falcatum, which exerted multiple pharmacological effects.

Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction Ameliorates Pancreatic Fibrosis via JNK/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

Pancreatic fibrosis is a pathological characteristic of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer. Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction (CGGD) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is widely used in the clinical treatment of digestive diseases. However, the potential anti-fibrosis mechanism of CGGD in treating CP remains unclear.

Role of NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome in the activation of pancreatic stellate cells.

NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays an important role in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. However, it is unclear whether the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is directly involved in the activation of Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the activation of PSCs.

Anti-Inflammatory -Kaurane Diterpenoids from .

Ten new -kaurane diterpenoids, including two pairs of epimers / and / and a 6,7---kauranoid , were obtained from the aerial parts of . The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by extensive spectroscopic methods and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analysis. An anti-inflammatory assay was applied to evaluate their nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities by using LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells.

Saikosaponin A inhibits the activation of pancreatic stellate cells by suppressing autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome via the AMPK/mTOR pathway.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are the main effector cells in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. Finding substances that inhibit PSC activation is an important approach to inhibiting pancreatic fibrosis. Saikosaponin A (SSa) has numerous pharmacological activities, but its effect on PSCs remains unknown.

Clerodane Diterpenoids Isolated from the Leaves of .

A phytochemical survey aiming to acquire pharmacologically active substances has resulted in the isolation of nine new clerodane diterpenoids, named graveospenes A-I (-), from the leaves of . Spectroscopic methods were employed to establish the structures with their absolute configurations being confirmed by ECD data analysis. A biological evaluation was performed, and compound was found to be cytotoxic to both human lung cancer cells (A549) and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2).

NO inhibitory diterpenoids as potential anti-inflammatory agents from Euphorbia antiquorum.

Two new ent-atisane-type diterpenoids (1 and 2), three new lathyrane-type diterpenoids (3-5), and seven known analogues (6-12) were isolated from Euphorbia antiquorum. The structures of these diterpenoids were established by analysis of their NMR, MS, and electronic circular dichroism data. The anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated biologically and compounds 1, 4, 7, 8, and 10 displayed strong NO inhibitory effects with IC values less than 40 μM.

Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor B.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad spectrum antitumor agent. However, its clinical utility is limited due to the well-known cardiotoxicity. Resveratrol (RSV) has been reported to exert cardioprotective effect in some cardiovascular diseases.

Purification of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethyl alcohol glycoside from Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. et Wils. and its protective effects against DSS-induced colitis.

Sargentodoxa cuneata is a tropical plant used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat intestinal inflammation. In this study, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethyl alcohol glycoside (DAG) was purified from the stem of S. cuneata using macroporous resins and its bioactivity was also investigated.