Evolution of the Surgical Treatment of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries.

Since Dr. Frank Jobe performed the initial surgery on Tommy John in 1974, the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction (UCLR), colloquially "Tommy John Surgery," described in 1986 has evolved as the gold standard treatment for UCL tears. The crux of technique modifications involve flexor pronator mass (FPM) management, ulnar nerve transposition (UNT), graft selection, or graft-fixation options.

Blood Flow Restriction Therapy After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) rehabilitation necessitates restoration of quadriceps strength to minimize reinjury and optimize return to sport (RTS). Patients recovering from ACLR are limited by pain and activity restrictions, resulting in quadriceps muscle atrophy. Blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy involves performing exercises while a specialized blood pressure cuff is applied to the proximal aspect of the operative extremity and inflated to 40% to 90% of the arterial occlusion pressure, as determined using Doppler ultrasonography.