A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Through Lifestyle Interventions in Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes-A Summary of Participant and Intervention Characteristics.

: We aimed to review the effect of lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the participants and intervention characteristics. : We systematically searched seven databases for RCTs of lifestyle interventions published up to 24 July 2024. We included 30 studies that reported the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or body weight.

Pentacam and Corvis ST findings in myopic Chinese patients with different corneal diameters in Singapore.

Purpose: To study the effect of corneal white-to-white diameter on Pentacam Scheimpflug cornea tomography and Corvis ST corneal visualization Scheimpflug technology parameters in myopic eyes.

Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 190 eyes of 190 Chinese myopic patients (spherical equivalent range: -1.25 D to -11.

Novel artificial intelligence algorithms for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are major causes of visual impairment that challenge global vision health. New strategies are needed to tackle these growing global health problems, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into ophthalmology has the potential to revolutionize DR and DME management to meet these challenges.

Main Text: This review discusses the latest AI-driven methodologies in the context of DR and DME in terms of disease identification, patient-specific disease profiling, and short-term and long-term management.

A comparative study of an on premise AutoML solution for medical image classification.

Automated machine learning (AutoML) allows for the simplified application of machine learning to real-world problems, by the implicit handling of necessary steps such as data pre-processing, feature engineering, model selection and hyperparameter optimization. This has encouraged its use in medical applications such as imaging. However, the impact of common parameter choices such as the number of trials allowed, and the resolution of the input images, has not been comprehensively explored in existing literature.

The Natural History of Retinal Sensitivity Loss in Diabetic Macular Ischemia over One Year Evaluated by Microperimetry.

: This one-year prospective observational study, conducted at two centers, aimed to report the natural history of retinal sensitivity (RS) loss in diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). : Patients with stable-treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) were recruited if there was evidence of DMI on optical coherence tomography angiography, defined as a foveal avascular zone ≥ 0.5 mm or parafoveal capillary dropout ≥ 1 quadrant.

Defining the structure-function relationship of specific lesions in early and advanced age-related macular degeneration.

The objective of this study is to define structure-function relationships of pathological lesions related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using microperimetry and multimodal retinal imaging. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 87 patients with AMD (30 eyes with early and intermediate AMD and 110 eyes with advanced AMD), compared to 33 normal controls (66 eyes) recruited from a single tertiary center. All participants had enface and cross-sectional optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg HRA-2), OCT angiography, color and infra-red (IR) fundus and microperimetry (MP) (Nidek MP-3) performed.

A Systematic Review of Tear Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and External Eye Diseases.

We aim to summarize the current evidence of Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)s in external eye diseases and determine whether serum and plasma VEGF levels are associated with tear and ocular surface tissues. A systematic search of PUBMED and EMBASE was conducted using PRISMA guidelines between October 2022 and November 2023, with no restriction on language or publication date. Search terms included relevant MESH terms.

Six-Year Outcomes in Subjects with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in the EVEREST II Study.

Introduction: The EVEREST II study previously reported that intravitreally administered ranibizumab (IVR) combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) achieved superior visual gain and polypoidal lesion closure compared to IVR alone in patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). This follow-up study reports the long-term outcomes 6 years after initiation of the EVEREST II study.

Methods: This is a non-interventional cohort study of 90 patients with PCV from 16 international trial sites who originally completed the EVEREST II study.

Promoting Collaboration of Regulators and Patients in Improving Drug Safety and Regulatory Decision Making.

Pharmacovigilance involves a continuous process of evaluating, monitoring and communicating the safety profile of a medicine throughout its life cycle. This process involves a range of stakeholders, including national regulatory authorities, industry, health organisations, healthcare providers and patients. Although patients are the end users of medicines and experts in their medical conditions, patient involvement is still nascent in the Asia-Pacific region.

Allogeneic Umbilical Cord Plasma Eyedrops for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Dry Eye Disease Patients.

Background: Dry eye disease is a significant disease in Singapore. While there have been studies using allogenic cord serum for the treatment of dry eye disease, treatment of dry eyes with allogenic umbilical cord plasma drops has yet to be started in Singapore.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of umbilical cord plasma eyedrops for the treatment of recalcitrant dry eyes in a local Singaporean context.

Risk factors affecting visual outcomes following dropped nucleus after cataract surgery.

Background/ Aims: To describe the visual outcomes in eyes with dropped nucleus during phacoemulsification surgery.

Setting: Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC).

Design: Retrospective chart review of prospectively reported cases of dropped nucleus.

Molecular Basis of Transglutaminase-2 and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Experimental Myopia: A Target for Myopia Treatment.

Myopia, a prevalent refractive error disorder worldwide, is characterized by the elongation of the eye, leading to visual abnormalities. Understanding the genetic factors involved in myopia is crucial for developing therapeutic and preventive measures. Unfortunately, only a limited number of genes with well-defined functionality have been associated with myopia.

Review of Retinal Imaging Modalities for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.

This review provides an overview of conventional and novel retinal imaging modalities for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy. HCQ retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy resulting from HCQ use for a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Each imaging modality detects a different aspect of HCQ retinopathy and shows a unique complement of structural changes.

Release of frustration drives corneal amyloid disaggregation by brain chaperone.

TGFBI-related corneal dystrophy (CD) is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble protein deposits in the corneal tissues, eventually leading to progressive corneal opacity. Here we show that ATP-independent amyloid-β chaperone L-PGDS can effectively disaggregate corneal amyloids in surgically excised human cornea of TGFBI-CD patients and release trapped amyloid hallmark proteins. Since the mechanism of amyloid disassembly by ATP-independent chaperones is unknown, we reconstructed atomic models of the amyloids self-assembled from TGFBIp-derived peptides and their complex with L-PGDS using cryo-EM and NMR.

Conjunctival T Cell Profile in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients after Instilling Topical Cyclosporine-A 0.1% Cationic Emulsion.

Introduction: To profile conjunctival T cell populations in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients after instillation of daily topical cyclosporine-A (CsA) 0.1% cationic emulsion (Ikervis), and to evaluate patients' tolerance to these eye drops.

Methods: Nineteen participants were prescribed Ikervis prophylaxis once daily to both eyes from 3-5 weeks pre-HSCT to 12 months post-HSCT.

Corneal elastic property investigated by terahertz technology.

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy technique has been applied in ex vivo biomechanical properties analysis of human corneas. Upon the application of light pressure on the cornea, the photo elastic birefringent effect, anisotropic deformation, thickness changes and hydration levels will contribute to the sudden phase changes of terahertz time domain signal. The shelf lifetime study shows that the phase shift is reduced and cornea loose the biomechanical properties with the increase of hydration level.

Manual or auto-mode: Does this affect radiation dose in digital mammography without compromising image quality?

Introduction: In current practice, auto-filter exposure mode is used for most screening mammography examinations. However, with better understanding of the side effects of radiation, it is important to examine exposure parameters and practises to minimise radiation dose to patients. The purpose of this phantom study is to investigate the impact that different exposure modes (manual, auto-time and auto-filter) have on radiation dose, while maintaining images of diagnostic quality.

Correlation of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Characteristics with Visual Function to Define Vision-Threatening Diabetic Macular Ischemia.

The thresholds of macular microvasculature parameters associated with mild visual impairment in diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) patients are unclear. Therefore, this prospective observational study is aimed at demonstrating the optical coherence tomography angiography parameters that best correlate with mild visual impairment (<70 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters, Snellen equivalent 20/40) in DMI. The study was completed at the Moorfields Eye Hospital from December 2019 to August 2021.

Machine learning-based demand forecasting in cancer palliative care home hospitalization.

Objective: To develop an effective Management Information System (MIS) that is empowered by predictive models that can forecast the demand of end-stage cancer home hospitalized patients in individual and population levels, and help palliative care service systems operate smoothly where the demand is highly fluctuating, resources are limited, expensive, and hardly adjustable in a short time, and the backlog and shortage costs are high.

Method: Inspired by real problems faced by a palliative care center providing various medical, nursing, psychological, and social services in a home-based setting, two Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based deep learning models are proposed for demand forecasting at both individual and population levels. The individual-level model can predict the type and time of the next service required for a specific patient with a given demographic and health profile, and the population-level model helps with the prediction of next week's demand for various services in a center supporting a specific patient population.

Shapley variable importance cloud for interpretable machine learning.

Interpretable machine learning has been focusing on explaining final models that optimize performance. The state-of-the-art Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) locally explains the variable impact on individual predictions and has recently been extended to provide global assessments across the dataset. Our work further extends "global" assessments to a set of models that are "good enough" and are practically as relevant as the final model to a prediction task.

Evaluation of Ocular Biometric and Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters in Preterm Children Without Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare biometric and optical coherence tomography parameters of ocular structures in preterm children without retinopathy of prematurity with term children.

Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was carried out from 2018 to 2019. In this study, 124 eyes of 62 preterm children were compared with 132 eyes of 66 term children aged between 7 and 9 years.