Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load among Australian adults - results from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey.

This study aimed to determine the major food groups contributing to dietary glycaemic load (GL). Plausible food intake data collected using a multiple-pass 24 hour recall from a weighted sample of 6326 adult respondents (52% male) of the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey dataset (AHS) were analysed. The GI of foods was estimated based on a previously published step-wise method.

Society of Surgical Oncology-American Society for Radiation Oncology-American Society of Clinical Oncology Consensus Guideline on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery With Whole-Breast Irradiation in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ.

Purpose: Controversy exists regarding the optimal negative margin width for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast irradiation.

Methods And Materials: A multidisciplinary consensus panel used a meta-analysis of margin width and ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) from a systematic review of 20 studies including 7883 patients and other published literature as the evidence base for consensus.

Results: Negative margins halve the risk of IBTR compared with positive margins defined as ink on DCIS.

Barriers and facilitators to evaluation of health policies and programs: Policymaker and researcher perspectives.

Our research sought to identify the barriers and facilitators experienced by policymakers and evaluation researchers in the critical early stages of establishing an evaluation of a policy or program. We sought to determine the immediate barriers experienced at the point of initiating or commissioning evaluations and how these relate to broader system factors previously identified in the literature. We undertook 17 semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of senior policymakers (n=9) and senior evaluation researchers (n=8) in Australia.

Severity of road crashes involving pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines.

Pedestrians are considered as one of the most vulnerable road users in less developed countries (LDCs). Yet, pedestrian safety remains poorly addressed in both urban and rural transportation plans in most LDCs. Since most pedestrian injury severity studies are conducted in developed countries, this study fills the gap with an inquiry focused on a highly urbanized region of an LDC that faces a rapid increase in car ownership and increasing pedestrian-related traffic injuries, documenting specific pedestrian safety issues and providing guidance for injury prevention measures in such places.

A limited legacy effect of copper in marine biofilms.

The effects of confounding by temporal factors remains understudied in pollution ecology. For example, there is little understanding of how disturbance history affects the development of assemblages. To begin addressing this gap in knowledge, marine biofilms were subjected to temporally-variable regimes of copper exposure and depuration.

Proteomes of the Female Genital Tract During the Oestrous Cycle.

The female genital tract includes several anatomical regions whose luminal fluids successively interact with gametes and embryos and are involved in the fertilisation and development processes. The luminal fluids from the inner cervix, the uterus and the oviduct were collected along the oestrous cycle at oestrus (Day 0 of the cycle) and during the luteal phase (Day 10) from adult cyclic ewes. The proteomes were assessed by GeLC-MS/MS and quantified by spectral counting.

A Review of Frailty in Developing Countries.

Background: As the population ages, the prevalence and clinical importance of frailty are increasing. There have been few published studies about frailty in developing world. This study aims to review the evidence from developing countries on the prevalence of frailty, definition of frailty and factors associated with frailty.

Statin Therapy and Cognition in Older People: What is the Evidence?

Whether to start, continue or discontinue statins in older people remains a clinical and ethical dilemma. While there is clinical trial evidence that statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity in older people, recently concerns have been raised about side effects in this population. Adverse effects of statins reported in older people include muscle-related symptoms, diabetes, impaired physical function and cognitive impairment.

Do patients want doctors to talk about spirituality? A systematic literature review.

Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review was to ascertain the patient perspective regarding the role of the doctor in the discussion of spirituality.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search in ten databases from inception to January 2015. Eligible papers reported on original research including patient reports of discussion of spirituality in a medical consultation.

Effects and Moderators of a Short Theory of Mind Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Limited perspective taking or "Theory of Mind" (ToM) abilities are a core deficit of autism, and many interventions are aimed to improve ToM abilities. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a ToM treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and, for the first time, the moderating roles of social interaction style (SIS) and disruptive behavior (DB), to determine which children are most likely to respond to this intervention. The trial protocol is registered at www.

Frameworks for comparing emissions associated with production, consumption, and international trade.

While the problem of climate change is being perceived as increasingly urgent, decision-makers struggle to agree on the distribution of responsibility across countries. In particular, representatives from countries hosting emissions-intensive exporting industries have argued that the importers of emissions-intensive goods should bear the responsibility, and ensuing penalties. Indeed, international trade and carbon leakage appear to play an increasingly important role in the carbon emissions debate.

Consumer input into research: the Australian Cancer Trials website.

Background: The Australian Cancer Trials website (ACTO) was publicly launched in 2010 to help people search for cancer clinical trials recruiting in Australia, provide information about clinical trials and assist with doctor-patient communication about trials. We describe consumer involvement in the design and development of ACTO and report our preliminary patient evaluation of the website.

Methods: Consumers, led by Cancer Voices NSW, provided the impetus to develop the website.

Evanescent-field spectroscopy using structured optical fibers: detection of charge-transfer at the porphyrin-silica interface.

The fabrication of porphyrin thin films derived from dichloro[5,10,15,20-tetra(heptyl)porphyrinato]tin(IV) [Cl-Sn(THP)-Cl] in the holes of photonic crystal fibers over 90 cm in length is described. Evanescent field spectroscopy (EFS) is used to investigate the interfacial properties of the films, with the high surface optical intensity and the long path length combining to produce significant absorption. By comparison with results obtained for similar films formed from Cl-Sn(THP)-Cl inside fused-silica cuvettes and on glass slides, the film is shown to be chemisorbed as a surface Si-O-Sn(THP)-X (X = Cl or OH) species.

Spatial dependence of viscosity and thermal conductivity through a planar interface.

We present a general algorithm for calculating the spatial variation of the shear viscosity and thermal conductivity through an equilibrium solid-liquid interface using the zero-flux version of the boundary fluctuation theory. In the case of an equilibrium interface between a high melting point Lennard-Jones solid and a low melting point Lennard-Jones liquid, we find that the transport coefficients deviate from the bulk values only in a narrow layer close to the interface. We observe a sliding friction of the liquid against the surface of the solid that increases with increased wetting of the solid by the liquid.

Targeting P-glycoprotein for effective oral anti-cancer chemotherapeutics.

Oral anticancer drug treatment represents a significant change to current oncology practice. Support for oral anticancer treatment is driven by issues of pharmacoeconomics, accommodating the need for protracted drug administration for many emerging cytostatic therapies, response to patient preference and in improving patient quality of life. Much focus has concentrated on defining the cellular mechanisms underlying the pharmacokinetic limitations associated with the oral route of administration.

Differential pharmacological regulation of drug efflux and pharmacoresistant schizophrenia.

Pharmacoresistant schizophrenia is a significant impediment to the successful management of the disease. The expression and function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has recently been implicated in this phenomenon. P-gp is a multidrug efflux transporter that prevents drug substrates from crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Pyromellitamide aggregates and their response to anion stimuli.

The N,N',N'',N'''-1,2,4,5-tetra(ethylhexanoate) pyromellitamide is found to be capable of both intermolecular aggregation and binding to small anions. It is synthesized by aminolysis of pyromellitic anhydride with ethanolamine, followed by a reaction with hexanoyl chloride. The single-crystal X-ray structure of the pyromellitamide shows that it forms one-dimensional columnar stacks through an intermolecular hydrogen-bonding network.

The visualization of hepatic vasculature by X-ray micro-computed tomography.

In this study, X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) was used to reconstruct the fine structure macro- and microvasculature in three dimensions in contrast-enhanced rat liver samples. The subsequent application in the experimental CC531s colorectal cancer model was concurrent with results obtained from confocal microscopy in earlier studies. The en bloc stains osmium tetroxide in combination with uranyl acetate provided an excellent contrasting result for hepatic tissue after a trial of several contrasting agents.

Linear response theory for thermal conductivity and viscosity in terms of boundary fluctuations.

Boundary driven shear flows and wall thermostats are being used in computer simulations of materials with increasing frequency. One attraction is that such boundary constraints offer a more realistic representation of the physical constraints imposed experimentally than the widely employed homogeneous constraints. In this paper we derive the linear response expressions for shear viscosity and thermal conductivity based on the fluctuations associated with boundary constraints.

Cancer patients' preferences for written prognostic information provided outside the clinical context.

Cancer patients' preferences for written prognostic information independent of the clinical context have not previously been investigated. This study aimed to assist a state cancer organisation to provide information to patients by assessing patients' understanding of statistical information; eliciting their preferences for framing, content and presentation; and assessing the acceptability of a card sort for obtaining preferences. With the exception of conditional and relative survival, initial difficulties in understanding statistical concepts were improved with a plain language explanation.