How influential are medical school curriculum and other medical school characteristics in students' selecting pathology as a specialty?

There has been a significant decline in the number of United States allopathic medical students matching to pathology residency programs. Data acquired from the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) show sustained variation in the medical school production of students who go on to pathology residency. When divided into groups based on the medical school's historical volume of graduates entering pathology, the schools in groups labeled Group 1 and Group 2 produced significantly higher and lower proportions of pathology residents, respectively.

Experiential exposure as the key to recruiting medical students into pathology.

Medical student interest and pursuit of a career in pathology have been steadily declining since 2015. We conducted three separate surveys of medical students to better understand these trends. In our first survey, we focused on assessing U.

Household income is associated with functional outcomes in a multi-institutional cohort of patients with ischemic stroke and COVID-19.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened awareness of health disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES) across the United States. We examined whether household income is associated with functional outcomes after stroke and COVID-19.

Materials And Methods: This was a multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study of consecutively hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 and radiographically confirmed stroke presenting from March through November 2020 to any of five comprehensive stroke centers in metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Price Transparency and Consumer Perceptions of Generic and Brand-name Implants in Orthopaedic Surgery.

Background: Some have suggested the use of generic surgical implants to curb rising costs of orthopaedic care. However, there is evidence that patients are reluctant to use generic pharmaceuticals as compared to their brand name equivalents for fear of inferior quality. Public perception of the use of generic implants remains unknown.

Investigating Health Disparities Associated With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children After SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a postinfectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related complication that has disproportionately affected racial/ethnic minority children. We conducted a pilot study to investigate risk factors for MIS-C aiming to understand MIS-C disparities.

Methods: This case-control study included MIS-C cases and SARS-CoV-2-positive outpatient controls less than 18 years old frequency-matched 4:1 to cases by age group and site.

Serious Bacterial Infections in Young Febrile Infants With Positive Urinalysis Results.

Unlabelled: It is unknown whether febrile infants 29 to 60 days old with positive urinalysis results require routine lumbar punctures for evaluation of bacterial meningitis.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of bacteremia and/or bacterial meningitis in febrile infants ≤60 days of age with positive urinalysis (UA) results.

Methods: Secondary analysis of a prospective observational study of noncritical febrile infants ≤60 days between 2011 and 2019 conducted in the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network emergency departments.

Gender and Racial Disparity Among Liver Transplantation Professionals: Report of a Global Survey.

Equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) are fundamental principles. Little is known about the pattern of practice and perceptions of EDI among liver transplant (LT) providers. International Liver Transplant Society (ILTS) EDI Committee survey around topics related to discrimination, mentorship, and gender.

Secondary Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic on Patients and the Cellular Therapy Healthcare Ecosystem.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted global health and healthcare delivery systems. To characterize the secondary effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation strategies used in the delivery of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) care, we performed a comprehensive literature search encompassing changes in specific donor collection, processing practices, patient outcomes, and patient-related concerns specific to HSCT and HSCT-related healthcare delivery. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the secondary impacts the COVID-19 pandemic on the fields of HSCT and cellular therapy.

Multi-center living liver donor quality of life survey up to 20 years after donor hepatectomy and association with surgical outcomes.

Background: We implemented a multicenter interview with the donors to investigate Quality of Life (QoL) up to 20 years following donation.

Methods: Data were collected retrospectively. Complications were graded by Dindo-Clavien classification.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: The Unexplored Landscape of Geriatric Oncology.

Cancer is classically considered a disease of aging, with over half of all new cancer diagnoses occurring in patients over the age of 65 years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment, yet the participation of older adults with cancer in ICI trials has been suboptimal, particularly at the extremes of age. Despite significant improvement in treatment response and an improved toxicity profile when compared with conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies, many cancers develop resistance to ICIs, and these drugs are not free of toxicities.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Obesity-Related Induction Complications in Nulliparae at Term: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: Women with obesity are at increased risk of complications during and after labor and delivery, including puerperal infection and cesarean delivery. As labor induction has become increasingly common, it is crucial to find ways to decrease complication rates in this high-risk population.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of prophylactic antibiotics during labor induction of nulliparous women with obesity on the rates of cesarean delivery and puerperal infection and to estimate the parameters needed to calculate the sample size for a larger, multicenter trial.

Vasopressin-Induced Hyponatremia in Infants Following Cardiovascular Surgery.

Background: Vasopressin is increasingly used in infants following cardiac surgery. Hyponatremia is a noted adverse event, but incidence and risk factors remain undefined.

Objective: The primary objective was to identify the incidence of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis in a 16-month-old boy: a case report.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis is a rare disease that typically affects immunocompromised adults. Most cases of pediatric enterocolitis are caused by Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive Clostridiodes difficile, or viruses. This is the first published case report of a toddler with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enterocolitis.

Does pre-operative counselling of the donor improve immediate and short-term outcomes after living liver donation? - A review of the literature and expert panel recommendations.

Background: There is some evidence in the literature to suggest that pre-operative counselling improves pain scores postoperatively. However, it is unclear whether pre-operative counselling of the donor improves immediate and short-term outcomes after living liver donation.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to investigate the available quality of evidence (QOE) of pre-operative counselling for living donors on short term outcomes, provide expert opinion, grade recommendations and identify relevant components for Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols.

Spinal column shortening for tethered cord syndrome: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

Objective: Tethered cord release (TCR) is the gold standard treatment for tethered cord syndrome (TCS); however, there are significant shortcomings including high rates of retethering, especially in complex and recurrent cases. Spinal column shortening (SCS) is an alternative treatment for TCS intended to avoid these shortcomings. Early studies were limited to case reports and smaller case series; however, in recent years, larger case series and small cohort studies have been conducted.

Quality Improvement in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapy: Using the Model for Improvement to impact Outcomes.

Quality improvement and quality assurance form a complementary and independent relationship. Quality assurance measures compliance against industry standards using audits, whereas quality improvement is a continuous process focused on processes and systems that can improve care. The Model for Improvement is a robust quality improvement tool that transplant and cellular therapy teams can use to redesign healthcare processes.

Personification of a Duality.

This watercolor self-portrait visually characterizes an irony faced by clinicians who are underrepresented minorities. Tasked with saving patients' lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, they belong to communities inequitably burdened by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and by many Americans' unwillingness to follow public health recommendations that would protect them, their communities, and their patients.

Is There a Difference in the Contamination Rates of Urine Samples Obtained by Bladder Catheterization and Clean-Catch Collection in Preschool Children?

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare contamination rates in urine samples obtained by transurethral catheterization and clean-catch methods in preschool children aged 2 to 5 years.

Methods: A retrospective, chart review was performed on patients evaluated in our emergency department over a 6-month period who had a urine culture obtained by either transurethral catheterization or clean-catch methods. The charts were reviewed for urine bacterial colony counts and divided into positive, negative, or contaminated cohorts.

Primary hyperparathyroidism: Disease of diverse genetic, symptomatic, and biochemical phenotypes.

Genetic, symptomatic, and biochemical heterogeneity of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has become apparent in recent years. An in-depth, evidence-based review of the phenotypes of PHPT was conducted. This review was intended to provide the resulting information to surgeons who operate on patients with hyperparathyroidism.

The Algorithm Examining the Risk of Massive Transfusion (ALERT) Score Accurately Predicts Massive Transfusion at the Scene of Injury and on Arrival to the Trauma Bay: A Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Massive transfusion (MT) is required to resuscitate traumatically injured patients with complex derangements. Scoring systems for MT typically require laboratory values and radiological imaging that may delay the prediction of MT.

Study Design: The Trauma ALgorithm Examining the Risk of massive Transfusion (Trauma ALERT) study was an observational cohort study.

Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Noncritically Ill Patients with Covid-19.

Background: Thrombosis and inflammation may contribute to the risk of death and complications among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). We hypothesized that therapeutic-dose anticoagulation may improve outcomes in noncritically ill patients who are hospitalized with Covid-19.

Methods: In this open-label, adaptive, multiplatform, controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and who were not critically ill (which was defined as an absence of critical care-level organ support at enrollment) to receive pragmatically defined regimens of either therapeutic-dose anticoagulation with heparin or usual-care pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis.

Arguments against the Requirement of a Biological License Application for Human Pancreatic Islets: The Position Statement of the Islets for US Collaborative Presented during the FDA Advisory Committee Meeting.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been regulating human islets for allotransplantation as a biologic drug in the US. Consequently, the requirement of a biological license application (BLA) approval before clinical use of islet transplantation as a standard of care procedure has stalled the development of the field for the last 20 years. Herein, we provide our commentary to the multiple FDA's position papers and guidance for industry arguing that BLA requirement has been inappropriately applied to allogeneic islets, which was delivered to the FDA Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee on 15 April 2021.