Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Demonstrate Distinct Responses to Ambient Particulate Matter in a Polarization State- and Particle Seasonality-Specific Manner.

Macrophages are professional phagocytic immune cells that, following activation, polarize on a spectrum between the proinflammatory M1 and the proresolution M2 states. Macrophages have further been demonstrated to retain plasticity, allowing for the reprogramming of their polarization states following exposure to new stimuli. Particulate matter (PM) has been repeatedly shown to modify macrophage function and polarization while also inducing worsening respiratory infection morbidity and mortality.

Ocular toxicity, distribution, and shedding of intravitreal AAV-eqIL-10 in horses.

Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) is a painful recurrent disease affecting 2%-5% of horses. Current treatments require frequent administration with associated adverse events. In a previous study, intravitreal (IVT) adeno-associated virus (AAV) harboring equine interleukin-10 (eqIL-10) cDNA inhibited experimental uveitis in rats.

Population-specific reference panel improves imputation quality for genome-wide association studies conducted on the Japanese population.

To improve imputation quality for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted on the Japanese population, we developed and evaluated four Japanese population-specific reference panels. These panels were constructed through the augmentation of the 1000 Genomes Project (1KG) panel using Japanese whole genome sequencing (WGS) data, with sample sizes ranging from 1 K to 7 K individuals enrolled through the Biobank Japan (BBJ) project, and sequencing depths ranging from 3× to 30×. Among these panels, an augmented reference panel comprising 7472 WGS samples of mixed depth (1KG+7K) exhibit the greatest improvement in imputation quality relative to the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) reference panel.

Sox17 and Erg synergistically activate endothelial cell fate in reprogramming fibroblasts.

Sox17-Erg direct reprogramming is a potent tool for the in vitro and in vivo generation of arterial-like induced-endothelial cells from fibroblasts. In this study, we illustrate the pioneering roles of both Sox17 and Erg in the endothelial cell reprogramming process and demonstrate that emergent gene expression only occurs when both factors are co-expressed. Bioinformatic analyses and molecular validation reveal both Bach2 and Etv4 as integral mediators of Sox17-Erg reprogramming with different roles in lung and heart fibroblast reprogramming.

Contrastive machine learning reveals species -shared and -specific brain functional architecture.

A deep comparative analysis of brain functional connectome across species in primates has the potential to yield valuable insights for both scientific and clinical applications. However, the interspecies commonality and differences are inherently entangled with each other and with other irrelevant factors. Here we develop a novel contrastive machine learning method, called shared-unique variation autoencoder (SU-VAE), to allow disentanglement of the species-shared and species-specific functional connectome variation between macaque and human brains on large-scale resting-state fMRI datasets.

Validation and expansion of Baveno VII criteria for cACLD and CSPH based on liver stiffness and platelet count: Correlation with risk of hepatic decompensation and death.

Background And Aims: Recently proposed "Rule-of-Five" criteria define compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) using liver stiffness (LS) and platelet count. We aimed to validate these criteria by determining whether they are associated with risk of adverse outcomes.

Methods And Results: Patients without prior hepatic decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent LS and platelet measurements (n=17,076), were categorized as follows: no cACLD (LS 2.

Intervention and Sampling Trends in Literacy Research for Young Augmentative and Alternative Communication Users: A Scoping Review.

Purpose: This scoping review aims to characterize the body of literature addressing literacy interventions involving young children (ages 2-8 years) who use or would benefit from aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).

Method: A systematic search was conducted in six databases. The search yielded 33 intervention studies.

Early Language, Social Communication, and Autism Characteristics of Young Toddlers at Elevated Likelihood for Autism Identified by the First Years Inventory-Lite.

Purpose: The purposes of this article were (a) to compare the developmental skills of toddlers whose scores on the First Years Inventory-Lite (FYI-Lite), an early screening tool, indicated an elevated likelihood of a later diagnosis of autism (ELA) to the developmental skills of toddlers at a lower likelihood of a later diagnosis of autism (LLA) and (b) to examine how autism characteristics are correlated with communication measures in toddlers at an ELA.

Method: We assessed the language, social communication (SC) skills, and characteristics of autism demonstrated by 45 toddlers at an ELA and 37 toddlers at an LLA between the ages of 11 and 18 months and compared group scores on these measures. We also examined the correlations between the characteristics of autism and language measures within the ELA group.

A US-Based Consensus on Diagnostic Overlap and Distinction for Pediatric Feeding Disorder and Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.

Objective: As diagnoses covering dysfunctional feeding and eating in pediatrics, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) contain inherent areas of overlap in their diagnostic criteria. Areas of overlap include criteria regarding nutritional consequences associated with feeding/eating dysfunction and shared emphasis on possible psychosocial impairment associated with restricted food intake. Complicating the differential diagnosis process is a lack of guidance regarding when the two conditions occur independently, co-qualify, and/or transition into the other.

Policing Black autistic children: A qualitative approach to understanding Black caregivers' concerns.

In the United States, Black autistic youth face elevated risk of negative outcomes during police interactions. Although the outcomes of these interactions are well-documented, less is known about Black autistic youths' experiences during police encounters, as the current literature has largely examined the experiences of autistic adults, mostly White American samples, and/or autistic youth abroad. This study utilizes qualitative methods to examine the perceptions and concerns of 43 Black caregivers (N = 43; 98% parents; 2% legal guardians; 93% mothers) of Black autistic children (mean age: 16.

Non-lytic spread of poliovirus requires the nonstructural protein 3CD.

Unlabelled: Non-enveloped viruses like poliovirus (PV) have evolved the capacity to spread by non-lytic mechanisms. For PV, this mechanism exploits the host secretory autophagy pathway. Virions are selectively incorporated into autophagosomes, double-membrane vesicles that travel to the plasma membrane, fuse, and release single-membrane vesicles containing virions.

Analysis of Experiential Education Absence Policies for Mental Health Criteria.

This study investigates the language used in experiential education resources from 144 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)-accredited Schools of Pharmacy regarding mental health-related absences. While attendance policies at Schools of Pharmacy accommodate medical conditions, the lack of explicit mental health language can leave students uncertain about what is considered excused. Analyzing experiential education resources, the study found that 55% of available documents explicitly stated experiential education attendance requirements but only 3% included explicit mental health terminology for absences.

Imlunestrant with or without Abemaciclib in Advanced Breast Cancer.

Background: Imlunestrant is a next-generation, brain-penetrant, oral selective estrogen-receptor (ER) degrader that delivers continuous ER inhibition, even in cancers with mutations in the gene encoding ERα ().

Methods: In a phase 3, open-label trial, we enrolled patients with ER-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer that recurred or progressed during or after aromatase inhibitor therapy, administered alone or with a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor. Patients were assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive imlunestrant, standard endocrine monotherapy, or imlunestrant-abemaciclib.

Device Use Among Spanish-English Bilingual and English Monolingual Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing.

Purpose: This report compares device use in a cohort of Spanish-English bilingual and English monolingual children who are deaf and hard of hearing, including children fitted with traditional hearing aids, cochlear implants (CIs), and/or bone-conduction hearing devices.

Method: Participants were 84 Spanish-English bilingual children and 85 English monolingual children from clinical sites across the United States. The data represent a subset obtained in a larger clinical trial.

Adolescents' Social Comparison on Social Media: Links with Momentary Self-Evaluations.

Adolescents are developmentally motivated to engage in social comparisons, and social media platforms provide abundant social information that facilitate comparisons. Despite the potential to trigger immediate emotional responses, little research has examined the day-to-day naturalistic occurrence of these comparisons and coinciding effects. Across fourteen days, 94 adolescents (51% female, = 16.

Viral Load Measurements for Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8): Review and an Updated Assay.

"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it." is a famous quote attributed to Lord Kelvin. This sentiment puts viral load measurements at the center of virology.

A Randomized Trial Comparing Inhaled Insulin Plus Basal Insulin Versus Usual Care in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: To evaluate a regimen of inhaled Technosphere insulin (TI) plus insulin degludec in adults with type 1 diabetes, who prestudy were predominately using either an automated insulin delivery (AID) system or multiple daily insulin injections (MDI) with continuous glucose monitoring.

Research Design And Methods: At 19 sites, adults with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to TI plus insulin degludec (N = 62) or usual care (UC) with continuation of prestudy insulin delivery method (N = 61) for 17 weeks.

Results: Prestudy, AID was used by 48% and MDI by 45%.

Co-creation and community engagement in implementation research with vulnerable populations: a co-creation process in China.

Background Top-down implementation strategies led by researchers often generate limited or tokenistic community engagement. Co-creation, a community engagement methodology, aims to create a shared leadership role of program beneficiaries in the development and implementation of programs, and encourages early and deep involvement of community members. We describe our experience using a four-stage co-creation approach to adapt and implement a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) testing intervention among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China.

Multimodal genome-wide survey of progressing and non-progressing breast ductal carcinoma in-situ.

Background: Ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive form of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Due to improved breast cancer screening, it now accounts for ~ 25% of all breast cancers. While the treatment success rates are over 90%, this comes at the cost of considerable morbidity, considering that the majority of DCIS never become invasive and our understanding of the molecular changes occurring in DCIS that predispose to invasive disease is limited.