4-Hydrazinopyridinium chloride.

In the title compound, C(5)H(8)N(3) (+)·Cl(-), the cation and the anion lie on a mirror plane and are hydrogen bonded in a three-dimensional network via the H atoms of the two hydrazine N atoms. The pyridine N atom is protonated and hydrogen bonded to the terminal hydrazine N atom.

(Z)-2,2,2-Trichloro-N-cyano-acetamidine.

The title compound, C(3)H(2)Cl(3)N(3), crystallizes as the Z isomer with respect to the C=N bond. The -C(NH(2))=NCN functional group is effectively planar (r.m.

Butyl-bis[μ-4-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl-amino)pent-3-en-2-onato][4-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl-amino)pent-3-en-2-onato]dimagnesium.

The structure of the title compound, [Mg(2)(C(4)H(9))(C(14)H(18)NO)(3)], contains two Mg atoms bridged by two μ(2)-O atoms from two of the three ketiminate ligands, while the third ketiminate is strictly chelating to one of the Mg atoms, which is thereby five-coordinate. In place of a chelating ligand, the second Mg atom is ligated by a single terminal n-butyl group and thus is four-coordinate. This is, so far, the only structurally characterized mixed magnesium ketiminate-alkyl cluster.

Synthesis, NMR and vibrational spectroscopic characterization, and computational study of the cis-IO2F3 2- anion.

The N(CH3)4(+) salt of the cis-IO2F3(2-) anion was synthesized from [N(CH 3)4][IO2F2] and excess [N(CH3)4][F] in CH3CN solvent. The [N(CH3)4] 2[IO2F3] salt was characterized by Raman, infrared, and (19)F solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy. Geometry optimization and calculation of the vibrational frequencies at the DFT level of theory corroborated the experimental finding that the IO2F3(2-) anion exists as a single isomer with a cis-dioxo and mer-trifluoro arrangement.

Intraocular CNTF reduces vision in normal rats in a dose-dependent manner.

Purpose: CNTF is a neuroprotective agent for retinal degenerations that can cause reduced electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of intraocular delivery of CNTF on normal rat visual function.

Methods: Full-field scotopic and photopic ERG amplitudes and spatial frequency thresholds of the optokinetic response (OKR) of adult Long-Evans rats were measured before and after intravitreous injection of CNTF or subretinal delivery of adenoassociated virus-vectored CNTF (AAV-CNTF) into one eye.

Attention modulates responses to motion reversals in human visual cortex.

Selective attention modulates brain responses in visual cortex. A common finding, using functional magnetic resonance imaging or event-related potentials, is that responses to attended relative to unattended stimuli are potentiated. We report an exceptional circumstance in a motion-processing paradigm.

Evidence for episodic memory in a pavlovian conditioning procedure in rats.

In an effort to evaluate episodic memory processes in the rat, we developed a novel Pavlovian conditioning procedure. Rats explored two distinctive contexts, one in the morning and the other in the evening. Subsequently, either in the morning or the evening, they received a foot shock immediately upon entry into a third context that equally resembled the two explored contexts.

Complete or partial hippocampal damage produces equivalent retrograde amnesia for remote contextual fear memories.

We examined the effects of partial or complete damage to the hippocampus on long-term retention of a Pavlovian conditioned fear response to context. Rats received a single contextual fear-conditioning episode and 1 week, 3 months or 6 months later they received sham, partial (dorsal) or complete NMDA-induced damage of the hippocampus. During a retention test conducted 2 weeks after surgery, the control rats exhibited high levels of freezing in the context, although their level of freezing was significantly lower with longer retention intervals.

Measuring melancholy: a critique of the Beck Depression Inventory and its use in mental health nursing.

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most commonly used depression measurement instruments. Mental health nurses often utilize the BDI to assess the level of depression in clients, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatments such as antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy. Despite the widespread use of the BDI in both clinical practice and research, there is surprisingly little nursing literature critically examining the BDI or its use by mental health nurses.

Why do managers allocate resources to workplace health promotion programmes in countries with national health coverage?

There is extensive evidence that worksite health promotion (WHP) programmes reduce healthcare costs and improve employee productivity. In many countries, a large proportion of healthcare costs are borne by the state. While the full benefits of WHP are still created, they are shared between employers and the state, even though the employer bears the full (after-tax) cost.

Beyond Euler angles: exploiting the angle-axis parametrization in a multipole expansion of the rotation operator.

Euler angles (alpha,beta,gamma) are cumbersome from a computational point of view, and their link to experimental parameters is oblique. The angle-axis {Phi, n} parametrization, especially in the form of quaternions (or Euler-Rodrigues parameters), has served as the most promising alternative, and they have enjoyed considerable success in rf pulse design and optimization. We focus on the benefits of angle-axis parameters by considering a multipole operator expansion of the rotation operator D(Phi, n), and a Clebsch-Gordan expansion of the rotation matrices D(MM')(J)(Phi, n).

Growth points in research on memory and hippocampus.

We present an overview of two of our on-going projects relating processes in the hippocampus to memory. We are trying to understand why retrograde amnesia occurs after damage to the hippocampus. Our experiments establish the generality of several new retrograde amnesia phenomena that are at odds with the consensus view of the role of the hippocampus in memory.

Comparison of repetitive movements between ballet dancers and martial artists: risk assessment of muscle overuse injuries and prevention strategies.

Studies show that 64%-80% of professional dancers need to stop performing for extended periods due to Overuse Syndrome (OS). Although ballet and Tae-Kwon-Do seem to have similarities in muscle lengthening, the Tae-Kwon-Do injury rate is significantly lower. Identifying differences between both skills should provide insights for OS prevention.

Neuroleptic and benzodiazepine use in long-term care in urban and rural Alberta: characteristics and results of an education intervention to ensure appropriate use.

Objectives: To examine the use of psychotropic drugs in 24 rural and urban long-term care (LTC) facilities, and compare the effect of an education intervention for LTC staff and family members on the use of psychotropic drugs in intervention versus control facilities.

Methods: Interrupted time series with a non-equivalent no-treatment control group time series. Data on drug use were collected in 24 Western Canadian LTC facilities (10 urban, 14 rural) for three 2-month time periods before and after the intervention.

Antipsychotic drug use in Canadian long-term care facilities: prevalence, and patterns following resident relocation.

Background And Aims: Data on antipsychotic use were collected in two Canadian long-term care (LTC) facilities. During the one-year study, residents in one facility were relocated to a new facility, allowing examination of the changes in antipsychotic use associated with relocation.

Method: A comparative descriptive design was used.

DRAMAtic transforms in magic angle spinning recoupling NMR: The Bessel function pathway.

In magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR recoupling experiments, the extraction of multiple couplings or a coupling distribution from the observed dephasing signals remains a challenging problem. At least for REDOR experiments, the REDOR transform solves this problem, enabling the simultaneous measurement of multiple dipolar couplings. Focusing on the quadrupolar dephasing observed in QUADRAMA experiments as a representative example, we demonstrate that the same analytical form used for the mathematical description of REDOR dephasing also describes the dephasing observed in a wide variety of MAS NMR recoupling experiments.

Speed of sound measurements conducted at high pressures on aqueous alcohol and aqueous diol systems at T = 298.15 K.

The pulse echo overlap technique has been used in conjunction with three unique high-pressure cells to measure ultrasonic speeds of sound in dilute aqueous solutions of the alcohols 2-propanol, 2-butanol, 2-propanol and 2-hexanol and the diols 1,4-butanediol, 1-5-pentanediol and 1,6-hexanediol at p = 0.1, 20.0, 40.

Spatial attention modulates activity in a posterior "where" auditory pathway.

Selectively listening to a single location in space modulates both the behavioral and electrophysiological responses to auditory stimuli presented at that location. Transient attention oriented in cue-target or target-target paradigms results in several modulations of the auditory event-related potential known as the Nd1, Nd2, and Nd3. By employing electrical source analysis we tested the hypothesis that the earliest component (the Nd1) reflects modulation of neurons in parietal rather than auditory cortex.

Virtual navigation in humans: the impact of age, sex, and hormones on place learning.

Certain cognitive processes, including spatial ability, decline with normal aging. Spatial ability is also a cognitive domain with robust sex differences typically favoring males. However, tests of spatial ability do not seem to measure a homogeneous class of processes.

Rodent spatial navigation: at the crossroads of cognition and movement.

Tasks that measure spatial learning and navigation have become central to contemporary research programs concerned with identifying the neurobiological bases of learning and memory. Although the past three decades have seen an explosion of research reports on rodent navigation, only a small proportion of this research has been directly aimed at identifying the constituent psychological and behavioral processes involved in navigation. Such efforts are critical for establishing a complete neuroscientific explanation of spatial behavior and navigation, however, the majority of these research efforts have focused on identifying a single behavioral dissociation (e.

Characterization of mouse cortical spatial vision.

Little is known about the spatial vision of mice or of the role the visual cortex plays in mouse visual perception. In order to provide baseline information upon which to evaluate the spatial vision of experimentally and genetically altered mice, we used the visual water task to assess the contrast sensitivity and grating acuity of normal C57BL/6 mice. We then ablated striate cortex (V1) bilaterally and re-measured the same visual functions.

Sequential control of navigation by locale and taxon cues in the Morris water task.

The neurobehavioral dissociation between place navigation and cued navigation has been central to contemporary thinking regarding the psychological processes involved in spatial behavior. In cases where locale (place) cues and taxon cues (e.g.

Broadening and line mixing in the 20 (0)0<--01 (1)0, 11 (1)0<--00 (0)0 and 12 (2)0<--01 (1)0 Q branches of carbon dioxide: experimental results and energy-corrected sudden modeling.

Using both a difference frequency spectrometer and a Fourier transform spectrometer, we have measured transitions in the 12 (2)0<--01 (1)0 band of carbon dioxide at room temperature and pressures up to 19 atm. The low-pressure spectra were analyzed using a variety of standard spectral profiles, all with an asymmetric component to account for weak line mixing. For this band, we have been able to retrieve experimental line strengths and the broadening and weak mixing parameters.

Aging, physical activity, and hormones in women--a review.

Women experience significant changes in endocrine function during aging. Decreasing levels of anabolic hormones may be associated with musculoskeletal atrophy and decrease in function that is observed in older women and, as a result, there has been an increase in the use of pharmacological hormone therapies. It is difficult to distinguish, however, between physiological changes that are truly age related and those that are associated with lifestyle factors such as physical activity participation.