A multifactorial, evidence-based analysis of pathophysiology in Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS).

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States has been studying a fascinating and unique constellation of neuro-ophthalmic findings collectively known as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS). SANS is unique to the space environment of microgravity and produces novel physiological and pathological findings that have no direct terrestrial equivalent. The neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon is a major physiologic barrier to future planetary spaceflight.

Necrosis of pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland with acute and chronic arteriolar occlusion.

Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland (PALG) is a benign neoplasm typically presenting with gradual, painless globe displacement and/or lid swelling. We report an atypical case of PALG in a 53-year old male presenting acutely, mimicking orbital cellulitis. Imaging demonstrated an extraconal rim-enhancing soft-tissue lesion medial to the left lacrimal gland, involving superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris.

Assessing the Risk of Kidney Stone Development in Patients With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treated With Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.

Background: The prevalence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is rising with the global obesity epidemic. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), such as acetazolamide, have been shown to be effective in IIH but can also lead to kidney stone formation. This study evaluates the risk of kidney stone development in patients with IIH treated with CAIs.

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus temporally after COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review of uncontrolled case reports and case series.

Purpose: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) following COVID-19 vaccination has been reported previously but the clinical characteristics, onset, treatment, and outcomes of these cases have not been previously systematically reviewed.

Methods: A systematic review, guided by PRISMA guidelines, surveyed PubMed and Embase databases from April 2021 to June 2023 for case reports and series detailing HZO following COVID-19 vaccination. Studies excluded were abstracts, reviews, and clinical trials.

Influence of Common Medications on Diabetic Macular Edema in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impact of systemic medications, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), fenofibrates, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs), on the risk of developing diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records (EMR) data from the TriNetX health research network, covering a period from October 2004 to 2024.

Participants: The study population comprised patients diagnosed with T2DM who were newly initiated on GLP-1 RAs, fenofibrates, TZDs, or CCBs.

The potential role of retinal slip in National Football League (NFL) officiating and its effect on on-field decision making: mechanisms and countermeasures.

Visual processing involves numerous neuro-ophthalmic pathways that enable humans to perceive and interact with the world. These visual pathways can negatively impact visual perception and decision-making. The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) is a compensatory mechanism that stabilizes gaze on a target during head movement, such as running or turning.

The optic nerve in spaceflight: novel concepts in the pathogenesis of optic disc edema in microgravity.

Purpose Of Review: Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) encompasses a unique constellation of neuro-ocular findings in astronauts, including optic disc edema (ODE), globe flattening, chorioretinal folds, and hyperopic refractive shift. Although there are numerous neuro-ocular findings in SANS, the purpose of this review is to describe the novel, emerging concepts of the pathogenesis for the ODE specifically in SANS.

Recent Findings: While the initial hypotheses on the pathogenesis of ODE in SANS focused on possible elevated intracranial pressures (i.

Dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) after venous sinus stent (VSS) for presumed idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): A case report and literature review.

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are rare but significant intracranial vascular malformations that are usually idiopathic and can lead to severe complications like venous hypertension and intracranial hemorrhage. We present 2 cases of DAVF occurring after venous sinus stenting (VSS) for presumed idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in a 51-year-old and a 52-year-old female. In both patients, Cognard type 1 DAVF was detected by Catheter angiography and successfully obliterated with Onyx™ embolization.

Esophagitis in a Post-Liver Transplant Patient: A Case of Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Coinfection.

In post-liver transplant patients, esophagitis presents a diagnostic and management challenge due to the potential for opportunistic infections. This case describes a 59-year-old female with primary sclerosing cholangitis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation six years prior. She presented with dysphagia, and her medical history included immunosuppression with prednisone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate and a history of achalasia treated with esophageal peroral endoscopic myotomy.

Could DTI Unlock the Mystery of Subjective Tinnitus: It's Time for Parameters That Go A Little Out of the Routine.

In this study, it was aimed to assess the microstructural changes in the main central auditory pathway in cases with subjective tinnitus. In total, 101 subjects (52 cases with bilateral subjective non-pulsatile tinnitus and 49 healthy cases as the control group) were included in the study. Participants underwent pure tone audiogram and Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DTI-MRI) examination with a 3 Tesla MRI device.

Total retinal thickness is an important factor in evaluating diabetic retinal neurodegeneration.

Objective: Macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GC-IPL) measurements are important markers of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN). In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to quantify the contribution of total retinal thickness (TRT) and other factors in the variation of mRNFL and GC-IPL thickness among participants with diabetes.

Methods And Analysis: We used macular-centred spectral domain-optical coherence tomography scans from participants with diabetes in the UK Biobank.

Microsurgical Treatment of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Collaborative Investigation From the Multicenter Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research.

Background And Objectives: First-line therapy for most intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) is endovascular embolization, but some require microsurgical ligation due to limited endovascular accessibility, anticipated lower cure rates, or unacceptable risk profiles. We investigated the most common surgically treated dAVF locations and the approaches and outcomes of each.

Methods: The Consortium for Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Outcomes Research database was retrospectively reviewed.

Taxonomic Distribution, Phylogenetic Relationship, and Domain Conservation of CRISPR-Associated Cas Proteins.

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a naturally occurring genetic defense system in bacteria and archaea. It is comprised of a series of DNA sequence repeats with spacers derived from previous exposures to plasmid or phage. Further understanding and applications of CRISPR system have revolutionized our capacity for gene or genome editing of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Alternative hybrid access in endovascular neurosurgery: Scoping review and technical considerations.

Background: The common femoral artery and radial artery constitute the most common access sites in contemporaneous endovascular neurosurgery. Oftentimes, it may be impossible to reach the vascular target safely due to different circumstances, necessitating alternative approaches. We aim to review these "last resource" access sites described in the literature, focusing on the technical aspects as a convenient reference.

Perioperative Durvalumab with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Operable Bladder Cancer.

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy is the standard treatment for cisplatin-eligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Adding perioperative immunotherapy may improve outcomes.

Methods: In this phase 3, open-label, randomized trial, we assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, cisplatin-eligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer to receive neoadjuvant durvalumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin every 3 weeks for four cycles, followed by radical cystectomy and adjuvant durvalumab every 4 weeks for eight cycles (durvalumab group), or to receive neoadjuvant gemcitabine-cisplatin followed by radical cystectomy alone (comparison group).