40S ribosomal subunits scan mRNA for the start codon by one-dimensional diffusion.

During eukaryotic translation initiation, the small (40S) ribosomal subunit is recruited to the 5' cap and subsequently scans the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of mRNA in search of the start codon. The molecular mechanism of mRNA scanning remains unclear. Here, using GFP reporters in cells, we show that order-of-magnitude variations in the lengths of unstructured 5' UTRs have a modest effect on protein synthesis.

Associations between maternal fish intake and polyunsaturated fatty acid status with childhood asthma in a high fish-eating population.

Background: Studies investigating associations between prenatal polyunsaturated fatty acid status (PUFAs), in particular the anti-inflammatory n-3 PUFAs, and the development of childhood asthma have yielded conflicting results.

Objective: To determine the associations between maternal fish intake (a rich source of the n-3 PUFAs), maternal or cord PUFAs with the prevalence of childhood asthma in a high fish-eating population.

Methods: We examined these associations between fish intake and PUFA concentrations with childhood asthma prevalence in the Seychelles Child Development Study Nutrition Cohort 2, a large observational study in a high fish-eating population.

Patient Initiated Store and Forward Teledermatology: A Single Practice Experience.

We report a retrospective chart review of 112 images submitted from 85 patients through the Epic electronic medial record to determine disposition of patient complaints and to estimate cost savings. The study represents a single practice at a tertiary care university practice. Sixty (53.

Growing Up Can Be Hard to Do: Reimagining 1 Structurally Supportive Pediatric-to-Adult Transitions of Care from a Rights-Based Perspective.

Extended life expectancies and shifting dynamics in chronic disease have changed the landscape of public health interventions worldwide, with an increasing emphasis on chronic care. As a result, transition from pediatric to adult care for medically complex adolescents and young adults is a growing area of intervention. Transition medicine is a nascent field whose current emphasis is on middle- and high-income countries, and thus far its methods and discourse have reflected those origins.

Ultrasonography or Radiography for Suspected Pediatric Distal Forearm Fractures.

Background: Data on whether ultrasonography for the initial diagnostic imaging of forearm fractures in children and adolescents is noninferior to radiography for subsequent physical function of the arm are limited.

Methods: In this open-label, multicenter, noninferiority, randomized trial in Australia, we recruited participants 5 to 15 years of age who presented to the emergency department with an isolated distal forearm injury, without a clinically visible deformity, in whom further evaluation with imaging was indicated. Participants were randomly assigned to initially undergo point-of-care ultrasonography or radiography, and were then followed for 8 weeks.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Related Stress and Menstrual Changes.

Objective: To evaluate how stress related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected women's menstrual cycles. We hypothesized that women with high levels of COVID-19-related stress would have more menstrual changes compared with those with lower levels of stress.

Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, we recruited a representative sample of U.

Epidemiology of Norovirus in the First 2 Years of Life in an Australian Community-based Birth Cohort.

Background: Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups in Australia. We explored the epidemiology of symptomatic and asymptomatic norovirus infection and assessed risk factors and the related healthcare burden in Australian children during their first 2 years of life.

Methods: Participants in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort provided weekly stool swabs, daily gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and loose stools) observations and healthcare data.

Clinicopathologic characterization and assessment of prognostic factors for intraabdominal solitary fibrous tumors involving the gastrointestinal tract and liver.

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms with a potential to metastasize in 10-30% of cases. Several risk models have been designed to predict tumor behavior at the pleura and extrapleural sites. Intrabdominal SFTs primarily involving the gastrointestinal tract (SFTGI) and liver (SFTL) are rare.

How Is Colonialism a Sociostructural Determinant of Health in Puerto Rico?

Puerto Rico is experiencing a public health crisis driven by effects and processes of US colonialism in the archipelago, such as the exclusionary application of federal health policy, an exodus of health care professionals, and the long-term effects of unequal distribution of health care funding in the unincorporated territories. Compound effects of multiple disasters, including Hurricane María, repeated earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as relentless privatization and fragmentation of the health care system, have led to very poor health outcomes. Puerto Rico's case clearly shows the negative effects of colonialism on public health.

Genome-Wide De Novo Variants in Congenital Heart Disease Are Not Associated With Maternal Diabetes or Obesity.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common anomaly at birth, with a prevalence of ≈1%. While infants born to mothers with diabetes or obesity have a 2- to 3-fold increased incidence of CHD, the cause of the increase is unknown. Damaging de novo variants (DNV) in coding regions are more common among patients with CHD, but genome-wide rates of coding and noncoding DNVs associated with these prenatal exposures have not been studied in patients with CHD.

Psychometric Evaluation of ITP Life Quality Index (ILQI) in a Global Survey of Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia.

Introduction: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder caused by immunologic destruction of otherwise normal platelets. Patients and physicians differ in their views pertaining to the limitations imposed on patients' daily lives by ITP and its treatment. Poor understanding of ITP symptoms can result in misdiagnosis and complex treatment patterns, and affect patient health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Prevalence of Depression or Anxiety During Antepartum Hospitalizations for Obstetric Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective: To systematically review the prevalence of antenatal depression and anxiety in women hospitalized in an antepartum unit for obstetric complications.

Data Sources: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov for English-language articles published from database inception through March 2020.

The altered expression of neurofilament in mouse models and patients with spinal muscular atrophy.

Objectives: To investigate the levels of neurofilaments (NFs) in transgenic mice and patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), and to evaluate their efficacy as a biomarker in SMA.

Methods: The levels of NF mRNA transcripts were measured by quantitative real-time PCR in spinal cord from SMA mice. Blood levels of NF heavy chain (NfH) from mice and patients were measured by an in-house ELISA method.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) World Impact Survey (iWISh): Patient and physician perceptions of diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and treatment.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is now well-known to reduce patients' health-related quality of life. However, data describing which signs and symptoms patients and physicians perceive as having the greatest impact are limited, as is understanding the full effects of ITP treatments. I-WISh (ITP World Impact Survey) was an exploratory, cross-sectional survey designed to establish the multifaceted impact of ITP, and its treatments, on patients' lives.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) World Impact Survey (I-WISh): Impact of ITP on health-related quality of life.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has a substantial, multifaceted impact on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Data describing which aspects of ITP physicians and patients perceive as having the greatest impact are limited. The ITP World Impact Survey (I-WISh) was a cross-sectional survey, including 1507 patients and 472 physicians, to establish the impact of ITP on HRQoL and productivity from patient and physician perspectives.

Association of Damaging Variants in Genes With Increased Cancer Risk Among Patients With Congenital Heart Disease.

Importance: Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common birth defect, have increased risks for cancer. Identification of the variables that contribute to cancer risk is essential for recognizing patients with CHD who warrant longitudinal surveillance and early interventions.

Objective: To compare the frequency of damaging variants in cancer risk genes among patients with CHD and control participants and identify associated clinical variables in patients with CHD who have cancer risk variants.

Pecs Blocks for Chronic Pain: A Case Report of Successful Postmastectomy Pain Syndrome Management.

Mastectomies can be complicated by difficult-to-treat postmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) and axillary web syndrome (AWS). We present a case of PMPS and AWS successfully treated with Pecs I and II blocks and trigger point injections. At follow-up after 4 months, our patient reported 70% improvement in pain, movement, function, and discontinuation of opioids.

Methylmercury and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with immune dysregulation in young adults from the Seychelles child development study.

Background: Exposure to the environmental toxicant mercury (Hg) has been associated with immune dysregulation, including autoimmune disease, but few human studies have examined methylmercury (MeHg) exposure from fish consumption.

Objectives: We examined associations between MeHg exposure and biological markers of autoimmunity and inflammation while adjusting for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA).

Method: At age 19 years, hair total Hg (Y19Hg), LCPUFA status, a panel of 13 antinuclear antibodies (ANA), total serum immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG, IgA, and IgM and serum markers of inflammation (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), IFN-γ, TNF-α) were measured in the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) Main Cohort (n = 497).

Influence of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on maternal and child polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) status and child health outcomes: a systematic review.

Context: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important during pregnancy for fetal development and child health outcomes. The fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes also influence PUFA status, with the FADS genes controlling how much product (eg, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) is metabolized from the precursor molecules linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid.

Objective: The current review discusses the influence of FADS genotype on PUFA status of pregnant women, breast milk, and children, and also how FADS may influence child health outcomes.

Tissue-enhanced plasma proteomic analysis for disease stratification in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background: It is unclear to what extent pre-clinical studies in genetically homogeneous animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder, can be informative of human pathology. The disease modifying effects in animal models of most therapeutic compounds have not been reproduced in patients. To advance therapeutics in ALS, we need easily accessible disease biomarkers which can discriminate across the phenotypic variants observed in ALS patients and can bridge animal and human pathology.

The proteome of neurofilament-containing protein aggregates in blood.

Protein aggregation in biofluids is a poorly understood phenomenon. Under normal physiological conditions, fluid-borne aggregates may contain plasma or cell proteins prone to aggregation. Recent observations suggest that neurofilaments (Nf), the building blocks of neurons and a biomarker of neurodegeneration, are included in high molecular weight complexes in circulation.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Financial Incentives for Medicaid Beneficiaries with Diabetes.

Background: The Medicaid Incentives for Prevention of Chronic Diseases program was authorized by the Affordable Care Act to determine the effectiveness of providing financial incentives.

Objective: To examine the impact of incentives on adult Medicaid beneficiaries' diabetes self-management using the Hawaii Patient Reward And Incentives to Support Empowerment project.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Hawaii with 320 participants (159 intervention group/161 control group).

Contribution of rare inherited and de novo variants in 2,871 congenital heart disease probands.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality from birth defects. Here, exome sequencing of a single cohort of 2,871 CHD probands, including 2,645 parent-offspring trios, implicated rare inherited mutations in 1.8%, including a recessive founder mutation in GDF1 accounting for ∼5% of severe CHD in Ashkenazim, recessive genotypes in MYH6 accounting for ∼11% of Shone complex, and dominant FLT4 mutations accounting for 2.