Chronic calcified subdural hematoma masquerading as hemorrhagic extra-axial mass: A case report and brief review of the literature.

Calcified chronic subdural hematoma (CCSDH) is a rare condition characterized by the accumulation of calcified blood between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane, typically following remote trauma. These lesions often present as space-occupying, extra-axial masses over the cerebral convexity and can mimic extra-axial tumors, such as calcified meningiomas. A 73-year-old male with a history of prostate cancer, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia presented with vision changes and mild papilledema.

Pragmatic Clinical Trials: A Study Design for Real-World Evidence.

Editor's note: This is the 25th article in a series on clinical research by nurses coordinated by the Heilbrunn Family Center for Research Nursing at Rockefeller University. The series is designed to be used as a resource for nurses to understand the concepts and principles essential to research. Each column will present the concepts that underpin evidence-based practice-from research design to data interpretation.

Intrinsic p53 activation restricts gammaherpesvirus driven germinal center B cell expansion during latency establishment.

Gammaherpesviruses are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong latent infections in lymphocytes. For viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus and murine gammaherpesvirus 68, this is accomplished through a viral gene-expression program that promotes cellular proliferation and differentiation, especially of germinal center B cells. Intrinsic host mechanisms that control virus-driven cellular expansion are incompletely defined.

Myosin-based nucleation of actin filaments contributes to stereocilia development critical for hearing.

Assembly of actin-based stereocilia is critical for cochlear hair cells to detect sound. To tune their mechanosensivity, stereocilia form bundles composed of graded rows of ascending height, necessitating the precise control of actin polymerization. Myosin 15 (MYO15A) drives hair bundle development by delivering critical proteins to growing stereocilia that regulate actin polymerization via an unknown mechanism.

Urinary Selenium, Cranial MRI, and Cognitive Function in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.

Introduction: Selenium (Se), a trace element found in soil and groundwater, is necessary for many biological functions, including cerebrovascular health, through selenoprotein formation. However, high concentrations may be harmful. American Indians face elevated cerebrovascular disease rates, which may be associated with other trace elements, such as Se.

Integrated multi-omics analyses of oral squamous cell carcinoma reveal precision patient stratification and personalized treatment strategies.

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a leading subtype of head and neck cancer, exhibits high global incidence and mortality rates. Despite advancements in surgery and radiochemotherapy, approximately one-third of patients experience relapse. To improve current targeted and immunotherapy strategies for recurrent OSCC, we conducted multi-omics analyses on pretreatment OSCC samples (cohorts 1 and 2, n=137) and identified A3A and EGFR, both at the RNA and protein levels, as inversely expressed markers for patient stratification and response prediction.

Cholesterol mobilization regulates dendritic cell maturation and the immunogenic response to cancer.

Maturation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is crucial for maintaining tolerogenic safeguards against auto-immunity and for promoting immunogenic responses to pathogens and cancer. The subcellular mechanism for cDC maturation remains poorly defined. We show that cDCs mature by leveraging an internal reservoir of cholesterol (harnessed from extracellular cell debris and generated by de novo synthesis) to assemble lipid nanodomains on cell surfaces of maturing cDCs, enhance expression of maturation markers and stabilize immune receptor signaling.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis resisters despite HIV exhibit activated T cells and macrophages in their pulmonary alveoli.

Natural resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in some people with HIV (PWH) is unexplained. We performed single cell RNA-sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage cells, unstimulated or ex vivo stimulated with Mtb, for 7 PWH who were TST & IGRA positive (called LTBI) and 6 who were persistently TST & IGRA negative (called resisters). Alveolar macrophages (AM) from resisters displayed a baseline M1 macrophage phenotype while AM from LTBI did not.

Larger Perfusion Mismatch Volume Is Associated With Longer Hospital Length of Stay in Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke.

Background And Purpose: Prolonged length of stay (LOS) following a stroke is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. Factors predicting LOS in medium vessel occlusion (MeVO), impacting up to 40% of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) cases, remain underexplored. This study aims to investigate the predictors of LOS in AIS-MeVO.

"Where There's a Will There's a Way": The Impact of State Variations in the Implementation of Continuous Coverage on Access to Postpartum Care During the Pandemic Emergency.

Objectives: To explore how the Medicaid continuous coverage requirement and unwinding process was implemented in three states with diverse existing policy environments and implications for the implementation of post-emergency 12-month postpartum extensions.

Data Sources: State data on unwinding performance and qualitative in-depth interviews with 48 stakeholders and patient-facing healthcare workers in Texas, New York and New Jersey.

Study Design: State Medicaid stakeholders and patient-facing healthcare workers in each state were interviewed with the goal of gaining insights into: (1) How the continuous coverage requirement was implemented; (2) What effects continuous coverage had on access to care for postpartum mothers; (3) How states are implementing the pandemic unwinding and postpartum extensions.

Fascin structural plasticity mediates flexible actin bundle construction.

Fascin cross-links actin filaments (F-actin) into bundles that support tubular membrane protrusions including filopodia and stereocilia. Fascin dysregulation drives aberrant cell migration during metastasis, and fascin inhibitors are under development as cancer therapeutics. Here, we use cryo-EM, cryo-electron tomography coupled with custom denoising and computational modeling to probe human fascin-1's F-actin cross-linking mechanisms across spatial scales.

Unlocking novel T cell-based immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma through neoantigen-driven T cell receptor isolation.

Background: Tumour-infiltrating T cells can mediate both antitumour immunity and promote tumour progression by creating an immunosuppressive environment. This dual role is especially relevant in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), characterised by a unique microenvironment and limited success with current immunotherapy.

Objective: We evaluated T cell responses in patients with advanced HCC by analysing tumours, liver flushes and liver-draining lymph nodes, to understand whether reactive T cell populations could be identified despite the immunosuppressive environment.

An integrated approach for the accurate detection of HERV-K HML-2 transcription and protein synthesis.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) occupy a large portion of the human genome. Most HERVs are transcriptionally silent, but they can be reactivated during pathological states such as viral infection and certain cancers. The HERV-K HML-2 clade includes elements that recently integrated have in the human germ line and often contain intact open reading frames that possibly support peptide and protein expression.

Bias in Prediction Models to Identify Patients With Colorectal Cancer at High Risk for Readmission After Resection.

Purpose: Machine learning algorithms are used for predictive modeling in medicine, but studies often do not evaluate or report on the potential biases of the models. Our purpose was to develop clinical prediction models for readmission after surgery in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to examine their potential for racial bias.

Methods: We used the 2012-2020 American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Participant Use File and Targeted Colectomy File.

Window into the Brain: In Vivo Multiphoton Imaging.

Decoding the principles underlying neuronal information processing necessitates the emergence of techniques and methodologies to monitor multiscale brain networks in behaving animals over long periods of time. Novel advances in biophotonics, specifically progress in multiphoton microscopy, combined with the development of optical indicators for neuronal activity have provided the possibility to concurrently track brain functions at scales ranging from individual neurons to thousands of neurons across connected brain regions. This Review presents state-of-the-art multiphoton imaging modalities and optical indicators for in vivo brain imaging, highlighting recent advancements and current challenges in the field.

Neuropsychological Profile in Older Adults with End-Stage Kidney Disease during Kidney Transplantation Evaluation.

Background: End-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant concern for older adults and is often associated with cognitive impairment (CI). The origin of this CI is multifactorial, involving vascular and metabolic factors. Additionally, renal treatments, including dialysis, may affect cognition.

Carcinogenic Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk in the Arkansas Rural Community Health Study: A Nested Case-Control Study.

Background: Previous epidemiological studies on the associations between hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and breast cancer (BC) have largely neglected rural, medically underserved areas in the United States, which differ in exposures and disparities compared to urban areas.

Objectives: We aimed to examine the associations between carcinogenic HAPs and BC risk in a rural population.

Methods: Using a nested case-control design, 574 cases and 2,295 incidence density-sampled controls matched 1:4 on index age and race were included from the Arkansas Rural Community Health study.

Response to the Letter to the Editor: Lack of association between classical HLA genes and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This letter highlights the crucial distinction between studying HLA alleles in unvaccinated individuals during the acute phase of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection versus any SARS-CoV-2 infection including re-infections, breakthrough infections, and primary infections in vaccinated individuals.

Middle meningeal artery embolization with surgical evacuation improves outcomes in chronic subdural hematoma: a multi-institutional and multinational database study.

Background: Middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE) is emerging as a promising adjunctive treatment in patients with chronic subdural hematomas (cSDH). This study presents real world multicenter data comparing outcomes in cSDH patients undergoing surgical treatment alone or combined with MMAE.

Methods: This multi-institutional, multinational, retrospective, propensity-matched study utilized the TriNetX platform to compare outcomes in patients undergoing surgical evacuation and MMAE versus surgery alone for cSDH.

Nucleic acid recognition during prokaryotic immunity.

Parasitic elements often spread to hosts through the delivery of their nucleic acids to the recipient. This is particularly true for the primary parasites of bacteria, bacteriophages (phages) and plasmids. Although bacterial immune systems can sense a diverse set of infection signals, such as a protein unique to the invader or the disruption of natural host processes, phage and plasmid nucleic acids represent some of the most common molecules that are recognized as foreign to initiate defense.

To increase trust in clinical research: Be worthy of trust and enhance the role of clinical research nurses.

There has been an erosion of trust in medical care and clinical research, and this has raised issues about whether institutions and investigators conducting clinical research are worthy of trust. We review recent literature on research on trust and trustworthiness in the clinical research enterprise and identify opportunities to enhance trustworthiness, which will likely increase participant trust in clinical research. In addition, we review materials reporting the results of national polls related to the public's trust in different occupations.

Prolactin-induced sensitization of trigeminal nociceptors promotes migraine co-morbidity in endometriosis.

Background: Women with endometriosis are more likely to have migraine. The mechanisms underlying this co-morbidity are unknown. Prolactin, a neurohormone secreted and released into circulation from the anterior pituitary, can sensitize sensory neurons from female, but not male, rodents, monkeys and human donors.

Common Hereditary Variants of the APOE Gene and Posttransplant Outcome in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has multiple functions in metabolism and immunoregulation. Its common germline variants APOE2, APOE3 and APOE4 give rise to three functionally distinct gene products. Previous studies reported yin-yang roles of APOE2 and APOE4 in immunological processes, but their effects in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have never been studied.

Novel Anti-Microbial/Anti-Inflammatory Combination Improves Clinical Outcome of Bacillus cereus Endophthalmitis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of the novel combination of Bacillus bacteriophage lysin (PlyB) and a synthetic TLR2/4 inhibitor (oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, OxPAPC) in the treatment of experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.

Methods: C57BL/6J mice were injected with 100 colony forming units (CFUs) Bacillus cereus to induce endophthalmitis. Two hours postinfection, groups of mice were treated with either PlyB, PlyB with OxPAPC, or the groups were left untreated to serve as a control.