THE INTERACTION OF HOST AND BACTERIUM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICABILITY BY STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS.

An epidemic of infections due to group A Streptococcus haemolyticus type 12 originated in an infant with bronchiectasis, and involved children and nurses. Some of the children spread contagion; the nurses did not spread contagion. The children who spread contagion had few or no recognizable type 12 organisms in their throats; most of the nurses had type 12 predominant in their throat flora.

QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES. II.

1. Antisera have been produced in chickens with specific precipitates from Type II pneumococcus horse and rabbit antisera. 2.

QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO A SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE. I.

1. Rabbits were injected with the washed specific precipitate from Type II antipneumococcus horse serum. Antibody in the resulting antiserum was determined by the quantitative agglutinin method using various specific precipitates as antigens.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SULFAPYRIDINE, NICOTINIC ACID, AND COENZYMES TO THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

Our studies indicate that sulfapyridine modifies the normal metabolism of a bacterium. Coenzymes inhibit the effect of sulfapyridine on the growth of staphylococcus in Knight's medium. Nicotinic acid does not interfere with the action of sulfapyridine under the same conditions.

A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : VII. THE EGG ALBUMIN-ANTIBODY REACTION IN ANTISERA FROM THE RABBIT AND HORSE.

1. In two rabbits subjected to prolonged injections with crystalline egg albumin the antibodies in one showed progressive changes such as noted in an earlier paper; the antibodies in the other did not. 2.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION : V. AGGLUTININ AND PRECIPITIN CONTENT OF ANTISERA TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA, TYPE B.

1. The quantitative, absolute methods of agglutinin and precipitin analysis previously developed for antipneumococcus sera have been shown to be applicable to horse and rabbit anti-influenza type B sera and plasmas. 2.

A PRECIPITINOGEN IN THE SERUM PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF ACUTE RHEUMATISM.

1. A precipitin reaction occurs between sera taken just before and shortly after the onset of acute rheumatism. 2.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION : III. THE REACTION OF DISSOCIATED ANTIBODY WITH SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE, AND THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE.

1. Tested quantitatively, antibody recovered by dissociation of specific precipitates from antipneumococcus sera reacts with homologous polysaccharide almost as does the antibody in the original sera. 2.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION : IV. QUANTITATIVE DATA ON PNEUMOCOCCUS R (DAWSON S)- ANTI-R (S) SYSTEMS.

1. The quantitative, absolute method of agglutinin estimation is extended to the reaction between Types I and II pneumococcus R (S) suspensions prepared in various ways and antisera from rabbits injected with these cells. 2.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION : II. THE DISSOCIATION OF ANTIBODY FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES AND SPECIFICALLY AGGLUTINATED PNEUMOCOCCI.

1. The salt dissociation and barium hydroxide-barium chloride methods are extended to the preparation of highly purified antibody solutions from specific precipitates derived from Type III and Type VIII antipneumococcus horse sera and a low grade polyvalent bovine serum. Analytically pure precipitin (agglutinin) was obtained from the last, and Types I, II, and III antibodies were separated.

THE ROLE OF THE THYROID IN THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL OF RABBITS.

1. The blood cholesterol of rabbits on a normal diet without added cholesterol is increased only slightly (19 per cent) by thyroidectomy. 2.

A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : VI. THE REACTION BETWEEN MAMMALIAN THYROGLOBULINS AND ANTIBODIES TO HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS PREPARATIONS.

1. Quantitative data for both homologous and heterologous precipitin reactions of human, hog, beef, and sheep thyroglobulins show that these reactions have the same mechanism as other instances of the precipitin reaction and may be expressed quantitatively by the same equations derived from the law of mass action. 2.

A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : V. THE REACTION BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE HORSE SERUM ALBUMIN AND ANTIBODY FORMED IN THE RABBIT.

1. The reaction between crystalline horse serum albumin and homologous antibody in rabbit sera is quantitatively accounted for by expressions similar to those derived from the law of mass action for other immune precipitating systems. 2.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION : III. A REACTION MECHANISM AND A QUANTITATIVE THEORY.

1. By the application of an absolute, quantitative microchemical method for the estimation of agglutinins, precise data have been obtained on the course of the agglutination of Type I pneumococcus by homologous anticarbohydrate. 2.

A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : IV. THE REACTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES WITH HOMOLOGOUS RABBIT ANTISERA.

1. The reaction between the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus and homologous antibody in rabbit sera is quantitatively accounted for by expressions similar to those derived from the mass law for the corresponding horse sera. Preliminary data are also given for the Type I reaction.

STUDIES ON THE SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS.

The cross-reactions which interfere with satisfactory serological identification of hemolytic streptococcus are due to anticarbohydrate in the sera used for typing. This antibody can be removed easily by absorption with purified streptococcus carbohydrate, and type identification is then readily established. The serological classification of hemolytic streptococcus from throat infections contracted in New York during 1935 and 1936 showed the predominance of types 4, 13 and 22.

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE CROSS REACTION OF TYPES III AND VIII PNEUMOCOCCI IN HORSE AND RABBIT ANTISERA.

1. A preparation of the specific polysaccharide of Type VIII pneumococcus is described in which the use of heat, strong acid, and alkali were avoided. 2.

THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF ANTIBODIES.

1. Highly purified rabbit Type III pneumococcus anticarbohydrate proved to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and its sedimentation constant, 7.0.

THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED LIPIDS OF THE SKIN.

The lipids of the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light are bactericidal. Since other fats and oils which have been irradiated are bactericidal on account of the active oxygen released on contact with bacteria, the mechanism of the bactericidal action of irradiated lipids of the skin must be similar because the lipids have the properties of other irradiated fats and oils. Irradiation increases the active oxygen content of dried skin markedly but little increase occurs if the lipids have been extracted.

THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPES I, II, AND III PNEUMOCOCCUS : A REVISION OF METHODS AND DATA.

1. The thermolability of the specific polysaccharides of Types I, II, and III pneumococcus has been shown by three independent methods: (a) diminution of the viscosity of solutions on heating; (b) decrease in the amount of antibody precipitated from homologous rabbit antisera; and (c) increased tendency (S III) to pass through a collodion membrane. 2.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION : I. THE DISSOCIATION OF PRECIPITATES FORMED BY PNEUMOCOCCUS SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES AND HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODIES.

1. Quantitative data are given on the effect of changes in hydrogen ion concentration and of salt solutions of high concentration on certain immune precipitates obtained at lower salt concentration. 2.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION : EFFECT OF SALTS ON THE REACTION.

1. A quantitative study has been made of the effect on the precipitin reaction between the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus and the homologous antibody of salt concentrations ranging from O.1 M to 1.

CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION : II. THE IDENTITY OF PRECIPITIN AND AGGLUTININ.

1. The absolute, quantitative agglutinin method has been used for the determination of the presence or absence of small amounts of specific polysaccharide in pneumococcus variants. 2.