How is eyeball growth associated with optic nerve head shape and glaucoma? The Lamina cribrosa/Bruch's membrane opening offset theory.

The optic nerve head (ONH) is a complex structure wherein the axons of the retinal ganglion cells extrude from the eyeball through three openings: 1) the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) in the retinal layer, 2) the anterior scleral canal opening in the anterior scleral layer, and 3) the lamina cribrosa (LC). Eyeball expansion during growth induces an offset among openings, since the expansion affects the inner retinal and outer scleral layers differently: the posterior polar retinal structure is preserved by the preferential growth in the equatorial region, whereas no such regional difference is observed in the scleral layer. The various modes and extents of eyeball expansion result in diverse directionality and amount of offset among openings, which causes diverse ONH morphology in adults, especially in myopia.

Association between eyeball asymmetry and offset of openings in optic nerve head canal assessed by posterior polar eyeball topography.

We investigated three-dimensional (3D) eyeball protrusion and its association with the offset between the lamina cribrosa (LC) and Bruch's membrane opening (BMO). 3D-MRI scans were taken from 93 subjects (186 eyes). An ellipsoid was fitted along the posterior 2/3 contour of each eyeball.

Optic nerve head factors associated with initial central visual field defect in primary open-angle glaucoma.

We investigated optic nerve head factors associated with initial parafoveal scotoma (IPFS) in primary open-angle glaucoma. Eighty (80) patients with an IPFS and 84 patients with an initial nasal step (INS) were compared. Central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) deviation from the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) center was measured as a surrogate of lamina cribrosa (LC)/BMO offset, and its obliqueness was defined as the absolute value of angular deviation from the fovea-BMO axis.

Factors Associated with Refractive Prediction Error after Phacotrabeculectomy.

Purpose: To compare refractive prediction errors between phacotrabeculectomy and phacoemulsification.

Methods: Refractive prediction error was defined as the difference in spherical equivalent between the predicted value using the Barrett Universal II formula and the actual value obtained at postoperative one month. Forty-eight eyes that had undergone phacotrabeculectomy (19 eyes, open-angle glaucoma; 29 eyes, angle-closure glaucoma) were matched with 48 eyes that had undergone phacoemulsification by age, average keratometry value and axial length (AL), and their prediction errors were compared.

Preliminary Study of Different Treatment Responses between Bevacizumab, Aflibercept and Dexamethasone Implant According to Renal Function in Diabetic Macular Edema Patients.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between responses to intravitreal bevacizumab injection and renal function in diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. Methods: A retrospective study of the medical records of 104 treatment-naïve DME patients who received intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI) was conducted. Based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min/1.

Visual/anatomical outcome of diabetic macular edema patients lost to follow-up for more than 1 year.

To investigate the visual/anatomical outcome of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients lost to follow-up (LTFU) for more than 1 year during intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment. A retrospective review of 182 treatment-naïve DME patients was performed. Among them, we identified patients LTFU for more than 1 year during anti-VEGF treatment.

The Nationwide Incidence of Retinal Vein Occlusion Following Dialysis due to End-stage Renal Disease in Korea, 2004 through 2013.

Background: We investigated the incidence and risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis in Korea.

Methods: In this nationwide cohort study, we used Korean National Health Insurance Service data between 2004 and 2013 for analysis. ESRD patients who started dialysis from 2004 to 2013 and an equal number of controls were selected through propensity score matching.

Intraocular Foreign Body: Diagnostic Protocols and Treatment Strategies in Ocular Trauma Patients.

Intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) are critical ophthalmic emergencies that require urgent diagnosis and treatment to prevent blindness or globe loss. This study aimed to examine the various clinical presentations of IOFBs, determine the prognostic factors for final visual outcomes, establish diagnostic protocols, and update treatment strategies for patients with IOFBs. We retrospectively reviewed patients with IOFBs between 2005 and 2019.

Effects of Systemic Profiles on Choroidal Thickness in Treatment-Naïve Eyes With Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of systemic and ocular profiles on subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) in treatment-naïve eyes with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: This study included patients with treatment-naïve DR. They underwent routine laboratory evaluations, including complete blood cell count, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and urinalysis for macroalbuminuria.