Seeing the forest through the trees: improving decision making on the Iowa gambling task by shifting focus from short- to long-term outcomes.

Introduction: The present study sought to examine two methods by which to improve decision making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT): inducing a negative mood and providing additional learning trials.

Method: In the first study, 194 undergraduate students [74 male; M age = 19.44 (SD = 3.

Continuous cognitive dynamics of the evaluation of trustworthiness in williams syndrome.

The decision to approach or avoid an unfamiliar person is based in part on one's evaluation of facial expressions. Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are characterized in part by an excessive desire to approach people, but they display deficits in identifying facial emotional expressions. Likert-scale ratings are generally used to examine approachability ratings in WS, but these measures only capture an individual's final approach/avoid decision.