Evaluation of a Pilot Protocol for Detecting Infant Hyperopia.

Significance: Highly hyperopic children are at greater risk for developing conditions such as strabismus, amblyopia, and early literacy and reading problems. High hyperopia is a common finding in infants in a pediatric medical practice, and early detection can be done effectively in that setting with tropicamide autorefraction.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot screening program to detect high hyperopia in 2-month-old infants in a pediatric medical practice in Columbus, Ohio.

Compensation for Vitreous Chamber Elongation in Infancy and Childhood.

Significance: The ratios of diopters of change in refractive error produced per millimeter of eye elongation (D/mm) are rarely those predicted from geometric optics because of changes in other ocular components. Quantifying this optical compensation in millimeters instead of ratios reveals some important principles about eye growth and refractive error.

Purpose: The study purpose was to sort total vitreous chamber elongation into millimeters that either contributed (uncompensated) or did not contribute to change in refractive error (compensated).

Recombinant Human Clusterin Seals Damage to the Ocular Surface Barrier in a Mouse Model of Ophthalmic Preservative-Induced Epitheliopathy.

There is a significant unmet need for therapeutics to treat ocular surface barrier damage, also called epitheliopathy, due to dry eye and related diseases. We recently reported that the natural tear glycoprotein CLU (clusterin), a molecular chaperone and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, seals and heals epitheliopathy in mice subjected to desiccating stress in a model of aqueous-deficient/evaporative dry eye. Here we investigated CLU sealing using a second model with features of ophthalmic preservative-induced dry eye.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging activation for different vergence eye movement subtypes.

Introduction: Maddox suggested that there were four convergence subtypes, each driven by a different stimulus. The purpose of this study was to assess the neural correlates for accommodative convergence, proximal convergence (convergence stimulus provided), disparity convergence and voluntary convergence (no specific convergence stimulus provided) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Methods: Ten subjects (mean age = 24.

Vergence/accommodative therapy for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children: Time course of improvements in convergence function.

Purpose: To evaluate the time course of improvements in clinical convergence measures for children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency treated with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: We evaluated convergence measures from 205, 9- to 14-year-old children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency randomised to office-based vergence/accommodative therapy in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial (CITT-ART). Near-point of convergence (NPC) and near-positive fusional vergence (PFV) were measured at baseline and after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of therapy; mean change in NPC and PFV between these time points were compared using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The Effect of Multifocal Soft Contact Lens Wear on Axial and Peripheral Eye Elongation in the BLINK Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare axial and peripheral eye elongation during myopia therapy with multifocal soft contact lenses.

Methods: Participants were 294 children (177 [60.2%] girls) age 7 to 11 years old with between -0.

Biometric and refractive changes following the monocular application of peripheral myopic defocus using a novel augmented-reality optical system in adults.

The prevalence of myopia is growing at an alarming rate and is associated with axial elongation of the eye. The cause of this undesirable physiological change involves multiple factors. When the magnitude of myopia approaches high levels, this accompanying mechanical effect increases the risk of developing other clinical conditions associated with permanent vision loss.

Change in Risk Score and Behaviors of Soft Contact Lens Wearers After Targeted Patient Education.

Objectives: To determine if targeted education can influence the behaviors and scores of soft contact lens (SCL) wearers via the Contact Lens Risk Survey (CLRS).

Methods: This was a multicenter, prospective, case-control study. Cases were symptomatic red eye SCL wearers (age, 18-39 years), and controls were age , sex, and site matched.

Effect of Combining 0.01% Atropine with Soft Multifocal Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children.

Significance: Combining 0.01% atropine with soft multifocal contact lenses (SMCLs) failed to demonstrate better myopia control than SMCLs alone.

Purpose: The Bifocal & Atropine in Myopia (BAM) Study investigated whether combining 0.

The Limited Value of Prior Change in Predicting Future Progression of Juvenile-onset Myopia.

Significance: Identifying children at highest risk for rapid myopia progression and/or rapid axial elongation could help prioritize who should receive clinical treatment or be enrolled in randomized clinical trials. Our models suggest that these goals are difficult to accomplish.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop models predicting future refractive error and axial length using children's baseline data and history of myopia progression and axial elongation.

Ocular and Nonocular Adverse Events during 3 Years of Soft Contact Lens Wear in Children.

Significance: Children are being fitted at younger ages with soft contact lenses for myopia control. This 3-year investigation of adverse events related to contact lens wear in 7- to 11-year-old participants helps optometrists understand what to expect when fitting children with soft contact lenses.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to report the frequency and type of ocular and nonocular adverse events related to soft contact lens wear in children.

Insulin facilitates corneal wound healing in the diabetic environment through the RTK-PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in vitro.

Diabetic patients can develop degenerative corneal changes, termed diabetic keratopathy, during the course of their disease. Topical insulin has been shown to reduce corneal wound area and restore sensitivity in diabetic rats, and both the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) stimulate cell signaling of the PI3K-Akt pathway. The purpose of this study was to assess a mechanism by which improved wound healing occurs by characterizing expression within the PI3K-Akt pathway in corneal epithelial and stromal cells.

The Impact of Hyperopia on Academic Performance Among Children: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: To assess the impact of uncorrected hyperopia and hyperopic spectacle correction on children's academic performance.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: We searched 9 electronic databases from inception to July 26, 2021, for studies assessing associations between hyperopia and academic performance.

Vision Screening, Vision Disorders, and Impacts of Hyperopia in Young Children: Outcomes of the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Studies.

This review summarizes clinically relevant outcomes from the Vision in Preschoolers (VIP) and VIP-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) studies. In VIP, refraction tests (retinoscopy, Retinomax, SureSight) and Lea Symbols Visual Acuity performed best in identifying children with vision disorders. For lay screeners, Lea Symbols single, crowded visual acuity (VA) testing (VIP, 5-foot) was significantly better than linear, crowded testing (10-foot).

Case Series: Periodic Accommodative Fluctuations after Concussion.

Significance: This is the first report recording an accommodative disorder after concussion characterized by periodic moderately sized myopic refractive error fluctuations without measurable other features of spasm of the near reflex.

Purpose: Objectively document a class of accommodative dysfunction that may be related to concussion.

Case Reports: Case 1 involved two sports-related concussions 2 months apart with symptoms of headache and variable blur.

Estimations of the Passing Height of Approaching Objects.

Significance: Limited optical cues associated with ball flight were inadequate to estimate the vertical passing distance of approaching balls. These results suggest that these optical cues either must be integrated with contextual and kinematic cues or must be of larger amplitude to contribute to estimates of vertical passing distance.

Purpose: To intercept or avoid approaching objects, individuals must estimate both when and where the object will arrive.

Vision, Driving Exposure, and Collisions in Bioptic Drivers.

Significance: Lack of knowledge regarding the mileage driven by drivers with low vision who use bioptic telescopes could obscure the relationship between vision and road safety. This study provides data suggesting that worse vision is correlated with less mileage driven but more collisions per mile in bioptic drivers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether vision or demographic factors predict mileage driven in bioptic drivers and per-mile motor vehicle collision rate and also to compare the collision rate of bioptic drivers with previous estimates for the general population.

Ontogeny of the human fetal, neonatal, and infantile basioccipital bone: Traditional and extended eigenshape geometric morphometric analysis.

The basioccipital bone is an essential developmental component to the occipital bone, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, clivus, and cranial base. The basioccipital bone joins each exoccipital bone with a basiexoccipital synchondrosis and the basisphenoid/sphenoid bone with a spheno-occipital synchondrosis. The basioccipital is found intermediate to the petrous temporal bones and forms the bilateral petrooccipital/petroclival fissures otherwise known as the petrooccipital complex.

Association between Vision Impairment and Physical Quality of Life Assessed Using National Surveillance Data.

Significance: Physically unhealthy days assessments in national health surveillance datasets represent a useful metric for quantifying quality-of-life differences in those with and without vision impairment. Disproportionately poorer physical health in the visually impaired population provides further rationale for the inclusion of vision care in multidisciplinary approaches to chronic disease management.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the association between vision impairment and health-related quality of life using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Test-retest Repeatability of the Ohio Contrast Cards.

Significance: The Ohio Contrast Cards are a repeatable test of contrast sensitivity, and they reveal higher contrast sensitivity for low-vision patients than is shown by the Pelli-Robson chart.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the contrast sensitivity results and test/retest ±limits of agreement for the Ohio Contrast Cards and the Pelli-Robson letter contrast sensitivity chart on two challenging groups of participants, and to compare the Ohio Contrast Card results with grating acuity and the Pelli-Robson results with letter acuity.

Methods: The Ohio Contrast Card and Pelli-Robson tests were each performed twice by two different examiners within one visit on 40 elder patients in Primary Vision Care (>65 years old) and 23 to 27 low-vision school-aged students.

Myopia Progression as a Function of Sex, Age, and Ethnicity.

Purpose: To model juvenile-onset myopia progression as a function of race/ethnicity, age, sex, parental history of myopia, and time spent reading or in outdoor/sports activity.

Methods: Subjects were 594 children in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study with at least three study visits: one visit with a spherical equivalent (SPHEQ) less myopic/more hyperopic than -0.75 diopter (D), the first visit with a SPHEQ of -0.

Scleral lens prescription and management practices: Emerging consensus.

Purpose: To describe international scleral lens prescription and management practices across multiple practice types.

Methods: For this cross-sectional study, scleral lens practitioners were asked to complete an electronic survey that requested information about a single scleral lens patient. Data collected included practitioner demographics (practice type, country, years of experience) and patient indications for scleral lens wear, fitting process, lens design, and care products.

Test-retest Reliability of the qReading Method in Normally Sighted Young Adults.

Significance: We recently developed a novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, to measure reading function. The qReading method has both the efficiency and excellent test-retest reliability in normally sighted young adults to make it an excellent candidate for future studies of its value in diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of treatment and/or rehabilitation outcomes.

Purpose: A novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, was recently developed to measure reading function.

Midday Fogging of Scleral Contact Lenses: Current Perspectives.

Midday fogging is a common problem in scleral lens wear, as particles accumulate in the tear reservoir between the posterior surface of the lens and the front of the ocular surface during wear. As particulate waste collects, symptoms of blurred vision and discomfort arise, typically leading patients to remove their lenses for cleaning, refilling with fresh solution, and reinsertion into the eye. The appearance of the particulate can vary, likely due to different causes for midday fogging.

Driving performance and road sign identification by multifocal contact lens wearers in a driving simulator.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.

Methods: 19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen.