Perceived Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Surgical Training: A Brazilian Survey.

Introduction: Recent studies revealed that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) negatively impacted residency programs worldwide, particularly procedure-based programs. However, most studies are from high-income countries, with scarce data from low- and middle-income countries. Pandemic effects on surgical training were likely worse in strictly apprenticeship models relying heavily on surgical volume as opposed to competency-based programs.

Combined inhaled anticholinergics and beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children.

Background: Several randomized controlled trials have examined, with conflicting results, the efficacy of the addition of anticholinergics to beta2 agonists in acute pediatric asthma. The pooling for a larger number of randomized controlled trials may provide not only greater power for detecting group differences and also provide better insight into the influence of patients' characteristics and treatment modalities on efficacy.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to estimate the therapeutic and adverse effects attributable to the addition of inhaled anticholinergics to beta2 agonists in acute pediatric asthma.

Combined inhaled anticholinergic agents and beta-2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children.

Background: Anti-cholinergic agents and beta2-agonist drugs are both bronchodilators used to reverse acute bronchospasm in children with asthma. These drugs have different modes of action, so may have complementary or additive effects.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of adding inhaled anti-cholinergics to beta2-agonists in acute paediatric asthma.