Post-repair laxative management in obstetric anal sphincter injury guidelines: A narrative review.

Background: Childbirth is a common factor which increases the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Damage to the anal sphincters increases the risk of anal incontinence, which has a debilitating impact on the quality of life. Post-repair laxatives are prescribed in this group of women.

Breastfeeding outcomes in late preterm infants: A multi-centre prospective cohort study.

Objectives: To describe (1) infant feeding practices during initial hospitalisation and up to 6 months corrected age (CA) in infants born late preterm with mothers intending to breastfeed, (2) the impact of early feeding practices on hospital length of stay and (3) maternal and infant factors associated with duration of breastfeeding.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of infants born at 34+0 to 36+6 weeks gestational age during 2018-2020. Families were followed up until the infant reached 6 months of age (corrected for prematurity).

Pelvic Radiation Disease.

Pelvic radiation is increasingly being used for the neoadjuvant and definitive treatment of pelvic organ malignancy. While this treatment can be highly effective, and may assist in organ sparing, it is also associated with significant toxicity and devastating adverse events that need to be considered. In broad terms, pelvic radiation disease affects both the primary target organ as well as adjacent organs and soft tissue structures, with complications that can be classified and graded according to consensus criteria.

Psychometric properties of patient-reported outcomes measures used to assess upper limb pathology: a systematic review.

Background: With the continued development of patient-centred healthcare models, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly used to evaluate outcomes in patients with upper limb pathology. The aim was to identify valid, reliable and responsive PROMs used to assess outcomes following upper limb pathology, and ascertain how their psychometric properties had been established. A secondary aim was to identify PROMs that have been validated to assess upper limb pathology in the paediatric population.

Introducing the "Twilight" operating room concept: a feasibility study to improve operating room utilization.

Background: The efficient use of operating room is important to ensure optimum cost-benefit for the hospital and to reduce elective surgery waiting times. We introduced a concept of non-commissioned "Twilight" operating room to reduce patient waiting list and mitigate consequences of non-availability of elective operative time due to closure of an affiliated hospital operating suite.

Methods: A retrospective audit was performed during a 10-month period where "Twilight" operating room was implemented in our institution.

Pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease risk perception: A qualitative study.

Objectives: We aimed to assess women's perceptions on the long-term risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) after major pregnancy complications.

Methods: Women who experienced major pregnancy complications and those who experienced uncomplicated pregnancies were invited to participate in a qualitative study. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and self-administered questionnaires were used to explore: The knowledge of long-term sequelae after experiencing a major pregnancy complication; Importance of education on heart health; The practicality of referral to a clinic after pregnancy complications; Willingness for regular postpartum clinic visits after pregnancy complications.

Hepatitis C treatment outcomes for Australian First Nations Peoples: equivalent SVR rate but higher rates of loss to follow-up.

Background: First Nations Peoples of Australia are disproportionally affected by hepatitis C (HCV) infection. Through a prospective study we evaluated the outcome of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy among First Nations Peoples with HCV infection.

Methods: Adults who initiated DAA therapy at one of 26 hospitals across Australia, 2016-2019 were included in the study.

Gestational diabetes mellitus and cardio-metabolic risk factors in women and children at 3 years postpartum.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is thought to be associated with cardio-metabolic risk factor development in women and their children during the early postpartum period and early childhood. We hypothesized that these women and their children would exhibit increased abnormal cardio-metabolic risk factors three years after pregnancy.

Methods: Women from the Screening Tests to Predict Poor Outcomes of Pregnancy study were invited to attend a follow-up with the child from their index pregnancy at 3 years postpartum.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Detect Early Neoplasia in Barrett's Esophagus: A Non-comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background And Aims: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the performance of AI at detecting early Barrett's neoplasia.

Methods: We searched Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of controlled trials database from inception to the 28th Jan 2022 to identify studies on the detection of early Barrett's neoplasia using AI.

Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in intensive care unit patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: An Australian metropolitan ICU experience.

Background: Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy is a common phenomenon following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The clinical practices surrounding withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy remain unclear and warrant further inspection due to their reported impact on post-cardiac arrest mortality.

Objectives: To determine factors associated with withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (WLST) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Regulatory T Cell Proportion and Phenotype Are Altered in Women Using Oral Contraception.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that are essential for immune homeostasis, immune tolerance, and protection against autoimmunity. There is evidence that sex-steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone modulate Treg cell abundance and phenotype in women. Since natural oscillations in these hormones are modified by hormonal contraceptives, we examined whether oral contraception (OC) use impacts Treg cells and related T cell populations.

The impact of withholding nitrous oxide in labour during the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Nitrous oxide is commonly used in Australia for labour analgesia. Its use in labour is potentially associated with aerosol generation. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, nitrous oxide was suspended on many birthing units to reduce the risk of transmission.

The Use of Digital Technologies in the Inpatient Setting to Promote Communication During the Early Stage of an Infectious Disease Outbreak: A Scoping Review.

Infectious disease outbreaks disrupt inpatient clinical care and have an impact on staff and patients' ability to communicate with each other and with the wider community. Digital technology may offer opportunities for communication in the inpatient setting during infectious disease outbreaks. This scoping review aimed to investigate the use of digital technology in the inpatient setting to promote communication in the early stages of an infectious disease outbreak.

Regular Aspirin Use Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Chronic Liver Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Purpose: Aspirin reduces the incidence of various gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of regular aspirin use on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver disease.

Methods: Electronic reference databases were searched for studies in patients with chronic liver disease exposed to aspirin.

Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER): long-term follow-up results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.

Background: In the primary analysis of CheckMate 9ER, nivolumab plus cabozantinib showed superior progression-free survival, overall survival, and objective response over sunitinib in patients with previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma (median follow-up of 18·1 months). Here, we report extended follow-up of overall survival and updated efficacy and safety.

Methods: This open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial was done in 125 hospitals and cancer centres across 18 countries.

Clinical Impact of Pelvic Malrotation on Radiograph-Based Preoperative Planning for Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Proof-of-Concept and Prudent Prediction of Acceptable Rotation.

Introduction: Pelvic rotation (PR) on preoperative radiograph templating can affect various critical measured acetabular angles and potentially outcomes of successful total hip arthroplasty (THA). Optimising anatomical reconstruction of the joint is essential to achieve function, longevity and prevention of complications following surgery. There is limited literature that standardises the degree of acceptable PR on radiograph or its effects on the fitting of acetabular prostheses.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with hematologic malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hematological malignancies (HM) have been, until recently, viewed as contraindications to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) due to bleeding and infectious complications. However, conflicting literature regarding whether ECMO should be used for patients with HM still exists. We conducted a random effects meta-analysis to investigate the outcomes of patients with HM on ECMO.

The Effect of a Liberal Approach to Glucose Control in Critically Ill Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicenter, Parallel-Group, Open-Label Randomized Clinical Trial.

Blood glucose concentrations affect outcomes in critically ill patients, but the optimal target blood glucose range in those with type 2 diabetes is unknown. To evaluate the effects of a "liberal" approach to targeted blood glucose range during ICU admission. This mutlicenter, parallel-group, open-label randomized clinical trial included 419 adult patients with type 2 diabetes expected to be in the ICU on at least three consecutive days.

Modified Zenker's peroral endoscopic myotomy: a novel technique to improve access and depth of muscular dissection.

Video 1The modified Zenker's peroral endoscopic myotomy technique to treat a large Zenker's diverticulum.

Professional reasoning of occupational therapy driver rehabilitation interventions.

Introduction: Driver-trained occupational therapists are advanced practitioners who work with people to help maintain their independence and autonomy through driving. There is a lack of investigation of professional reasoning processes for why interventions are recommended by driver-trained occupational therapists. This research project sought to explore the reasoning of driver-trained occupational therapists when they plan, implement, and reflect on driver rehabilitation interventions.