Meclizine seasickness medication and its effect on central nervous system oxygen toxicity in a murine model.

Introduction: Diving utilising closed circuit pure oxygen rebreather systems has become popular in professional settings. One of the hazards the oxygen diver faces is central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT), causing potentially fatal convulsions. At the same time, divers frequently travel by boat, often suffering seasickness.

Seasickness susceptibility and the vestibular time constant: a prospective study.

Human passive motion during boat, car or airplane travel may trigger motion sickness. Seasickness is the most provoking manifestation of motion sickness. It imposes major constraints on quality of life and human performance.

Galvanic vestibular stimulation as a novel treatment for seasickness.

Motion sickness is the cause of major physical discomfort and impaired performance in many susceptible individuals. Some habituate to sea conditions, whereas others remain chronically susceptible, requiring lifelong pharmaceutical treatment. The present study sets out to investigate whether galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) coupled with rotatory chair stimulation could mimic sea conditions and alleviate motion sickness symptoms in individuals deemed chronically susceptible.

Auditory Performance in Recovered SARS-COV-2 Patients.

Objective: While COVID-19 symptoms impact rhinology (anosmia) and laryngology (airways), two major disciplines of the otolaryngology armamentarium, the virus has seemed to spare the auditory system. A recent study, however, reported changes in otoacoustic emission (OAE) signals measured in SARS-COV-2 positive patients. We sought to assess the effect of COVID-19 infection on auditory performance in a cohort of recovered SARS-COV-2 patients and controls.

Is the probable spillage of the lung surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine the ultimate source of diabetes type 1?

The lung surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) most probably leaks into the blood, settling on the luminal aspect of blood vessels to create active hydrophobic spots (AHS). Nanobubbles are formed at these spots from dissolved gas. We hypothesized that when a large molecule in the blood comes into contact with a nanobubble at the AHS, its tertiary structure is disrupted.

Power Equation for Predicting the Risk of Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity at Rest.

Patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy and divers engaged in underwater activity are at risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity. An algorithm for predicting CNS oxygen toxicity in active underwater diving has been published previously, but not for humans at rest. Using a procedure similar to that employed for the derivation of our active diving algorithm, we collected data for exposures at rest, in which subjects breathed hyperbaric oxygen while immersed in thermoneutral water at 33°C ( = 219) or in dry conditions ( = 507).

Symptoms of central nervous system oxygen toxicity during 100% oxygen breathing at normobaric pressure with increasing inspired levels of carbon dioxide: a case report.

The greatest danger faced by divers who use oxygen-enriched gas mixtures is central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT). CNS-OT is characterised by convulsions resembling grand-mal epileptic seizures, which may terminate in drowning and death. Elevated arterial levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) (hypercapnia) represent a major risk factor for CNS-OT when breathing hyperoxic gas mixtures.

In vitro evidence of decompression bubble dynamics and gas exchange on the luminal aspect of blood vessels: Implications for size distribution of venous bubbles.

We found that lung surfactant leaks into the bloodstream, settling on the luminal aspect of blood vessels to create active hydrophobic spots (AHS). Nanobubbles formed by dissolved gas at these AHS are most probably the precursors of gas micronuclei and decompression bubbles. Sheep blood vessels stretched on microscope slides, and exposed under saline to hyperbaric pressure, were photographed following decompression.

Evaluating the thermal protection provided by a 2‒3 mm wet suit during fin diving in shallow water with a temperature of 16‒20°C.

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the thermal protection provided by a 2-3 mm surfing wet suit during at least two hours of fin diving in shallow water with a temperature of 16-20°C. We examined the effect of wearing the suit while diving in cold water on cognitive performance, muscle strength, and hand motor function.

Methods: Subjects were six male well-trained rebreather divers, 19-23 years old, acclimatised to cold.

Long-term scopolamine treatment and dental caries.

Objectives: To investigate whether scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent which induces hyposalivation, represents a risk factor for the occurrence of dental caries.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out among sailors treated with scopolamine for seasickness. The study population included 370 young healthy male adults (18-30 years old) who served in the Israel Navy between 2012 and 2016.

Fatty diet, active hydrophobic spots, and decompression sickness.

In a study of the effect of a fatty diet on decompression bubbles, based on the responses to a questionnaire regarding daily food consumption, the approximate fat intake for each diver was calculated, taking into account the maximum recommended intake for a person doing his type of work. Following hyperbaric exposure, divers were divided into two groups: 'bubblers' (a minimum of the second level on the Kisman-Masurel scale) and 'non-bubblers'. Bubblers had higher fat consumption than non-bubblers (146 ± 39% versus 92 ± 18%).

Taravana, vestibular decompression illness, and autochthonous distal arterial bubbles.

Decompression bubbles can develop only from pre-existing gas micronuclei. These are the nanobubbles which appear on active hydrophobic spots (AHS) found on the luminal aspect of all blood vessels. Following decompression, with the propagation of blood along the arterial tree, diffusion parameters cause increased transfer of nitrogen from the tissue into the artery, and more so if perfusion is low.

Do skin rash and cutis marmorata stem from lamellar bodies within the skin?

Cutis marmorata (CM) manifests as bluish-red spots on the skin following decompression. These are often itchy or painful to touch, and appear half to one hour after surfacing. The pathogenesis of skin lesions in decompression illness (DCI) remains unresolved.

Vestibular Derangement and Motion Intolerance in VATER Association.

VATER association is a nonrandom occurrence of congenital malformations: vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal defects, and radial bone anomalies. We report the case of a 19-year-old man with a childhood diagnosis of VATER association, who presented to the motion sickness clinic with severe seasickness. We discuss the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of vestibular pathophysiology, which was confirmed by MRI of lateral semicircular canal and vestibule dysplasia.

Airsickness: Etiology, Treatment, and Clinical Importance-A Review.

Airsickness is one of the forms of motion sickness, and is of significance in both commercial and military flight. Whereas commercial airline passengers may simply feel poorly, the effect of airsickness on military aircrew may lead to a decrement in performance and adversely affect the mission. This is of major importance in the case of flight safety, when a pilot who is incapacitated may endanger the aircraft.