RENAL EFFECTS OF HEMOGLOBIN INFUSIONS IN DOGS IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

The immediate effects of treating hemorrhagic shock in dogs by replacing lost blood with 7 per cent hemoglobin solution were favorable, both on renal function and on general condition. However, subsequent transitory depression of the urea clearance for several days, shown by some of the treated animals, but not by untreated bled controls, indicates sufficient possibility of renal damage by the hemoglobin solution to prevent its recommendation at present as a blood substitute.

A STUDY OF THE INHIBITION OF STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEINASE BY SERA OF NORMAL AND IMMUNE ANIMALS AND OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

Antiproteinase sera were prepared by immunizing horses with filtrates from a selected strain of group A streptococcus. This strain, which produced high titred proteinase but no erythrogenic toxin, was selected from forty-two strains of group A streptococci which produced varying amounts of proteinase. A few strains belonging to groups B, C, and G were also tested; they were all proteinase-negative.

PROPERTIES OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) IN RELATION TO ITS STATE.

Additional evidence is presented that PVM is capable of combining firmly with lung tissue particles or erythrocytes from certain susceptible species. Release of the virus from such combination can be effected by treatment with alkali as well as by heating. Free virus expressed from infected lungs without grinding the tissues is infectious and causes hemagglutination when tested directly.

CENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) : THE RELATIVE SIZES OF FREE AND COMBINED VIRUS.

A technique has been devised for obtaining free or uncombined pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Free PVM, liberated from infected mouse lungs by means of this technique, is infectious and causes hemagglutination directly. The results of quantitative studies carried out in the high speed angle centrifuge indicate that the free virus is relatively small, with dimensions of the order of 40 millimicrons.

EXPERIMENTAL VIBRIO INFECTIONS OF DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS.

Developing chick embryos are highly susceptible to infection with strains on V. cholerae representing Gardner and Venkatraman's 6 groups and the types Inaba and Ogawa. There is a moderate decrease in susceptibility with advancing age of the embryo.

TYPE-SPECIFIC PROTECTION AND IMMUNITY FOLLOWING INTRANASAL INOCULATION OF MONKEYS WITH GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

1. Nasopharyngeal carrier states of several weeks to several months duration were induced in the Macaca mulatta by the intranasal inoculation with matt strains of group A streptococci. 2.

STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : III. AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE AND ITS APPLICATION TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES II, III, AND VI.

1. An improved method is outlined for the isolation and purification of the pneumococcal transforming substance. This method makes use of the fact that citrate inhibits the destructive action of the enzyme, desoxyribonuclease, which is released together with the active material during lysis of the living bacterial cells.

STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : II. EFFECT OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE.

It has been shown that extremely minute amounts of purified preparations of desoxyribonuclease are capable of bringing about the complete and irreversible inactivation of the transforming substance of Pneumococcus Type III. The significance of the effect of the enzyme, and its bearing on the chemical nature of the transforming substance, together with certain considerations concerning the biological specificity of desoxyribonucleic acids in general, are discussed.

STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) : III. HEMAGGLUTINATION BY THE VIRUS; THE OCCURRENCE OF COMBINATION BETWEEN THE VIRUS AND A TISSUE SUBSTANCE.

1. The cause for the phenomenon of hemagglutination with heated PVM suspensions has been sought. 2.

PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEASE ISOLATED FROM BEEF PANCREAS.

1. A method is described for the isolation and purification of desoxyribonuclease from a 0.25 N sulfuric acid extract of beef pancreas.

STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) : II. IMMUNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF LATENT INFECTION WITH THE VIRUS IN NUMEROUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES.

The results of neutralization tests with PVM and serum obtained from numerous animal species indicate that antibodies agaiust this virus were present in the blood of all mammalian species tested, as not in that of fowls, and that their incidence in various species was widely different. They indicate, also, that in certain species, particularly the cotton rat, there were marked seasonal variations in the incidence of such antibodies; in the late winter and spring the incidence was much higher than during the summer and fall seasons. Cotton rats and hamsters which did not possess neutralizing antibodies against PVM were susceptible to manifest pulmonary infection with this virus, irrespective of the effects of previous experiments upon them, whereas those which possessed such antibodies were immune.

STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) : I. THE PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS IN VIVO OF THE VIRUS AND ANTIBODIES AGAINST IT.

This study on pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) was carried out in order to obtain as accurate data as possible on the degree of variation which may be expected in titrations of the virus or of antibodies against it in vivo. It is believed that the knowledge gained will facilitate further investigations on this latent pneumotropic virus and make possible a more exact assessment of the significance of experimental results obtained with the agent. The reproducibility of 50 per cent maximum score titration end points with PVM in mice is such that the chances are 19 out of 20 that a difference of 1.

REVERSIBLE INACTIVATION OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES.

1. The transforming substance of Pneumococcus Type III is inactivated by treatment with ascorbic acid. This effect of ascorbic acid is catalyzed by traces of cupric ion and is prevented by the presence of sulfhydryl compounds.

STUDIES ON A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS : III. IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF STREPTOCOCCUS MG TO STREPTOCOCCUS SALIVARIUS TYPE I.

The results of studies on the immunological relationship between streptococcus MG and Streptococcus salivarius type I are described. Evidence is presented to show that Streptococcus salivarius type I, like streptococcus MG, possesses a capsular polysaccharide antigen. Similarities in the capsular polysaccharides of these two different species of non-hemolytic streptococci appear to be responsible for their immunological relationship.

STUDIES ON A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS : II. IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MG.

The results of studies on the antigenic structure and immunological specificity of a non-hemolytic streptococcus, designated streptococcus MG, are described. Evidence is presented to show that this microorganism possesses a capsule and that this structure contains a polysaccharide antigen which is responsible for the type specific serological reactions obtained with streptococcus MG.

STUDIES ON A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS : I. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MG.

A single serological type of non-hemolytic streptococcus, designated streptococcus MG, has been isolated from the lungs of fatal cases of primary atypical pneumonia, from the sputa of patients with this disease, and occasionally from the respiratory tracts of normal human beings. Certain biological characteristics of this microorganism have been studied. All of the 59 strains isolated have been shown to belong to a homogeneous bacteriological group with characteristics which serve to distinguish it from any other well defined species of streptococcus.