Sex Disparities Affecting Postoperative Outcomes After Total Elbow Arthroplasty.

Purpose: To investigate sex disparities in 30-day postoperative outcomes of total elbow arthroplasty.

Methods: The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program files were queried for all patients who underwent a total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) between 2006 and 2020. Sex disparities in preoperative variables were studied using Fisher exact tests.

Comparative efficacy, safety, and oncological outcomes of percutaneous thermal and chemical ablation modalities for recurrent metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy from thyroid cancer.

Background: Thermal and chemical ablation techniques may consolidate recurrent metastatic cervical lymph nodes as alternatives to repeat neck dissection in thyroid cancer patients. This meta-analysis aims to compare the efficacy and safety across modalities.

Methods: Four databases were searched for studies on radiofrequency (RFA), microwave (MWA), laser (LA), and ethanol ablation (EA) treating metastatic cervical nodes from thyroid cancer.

Identifying 10-year cumulative incidence and risk of revision following total hip arthroplasty in patients with and without a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus.

Introduction: Prior studies have shown human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be a risk factor for early revision following THA, but little data exists looking at long-term implant survivorship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the 10-year cumulative incidence rate for revision following THA in patients with and without HIV.

Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients with HIV undergoing elective THA was conducted using a national database.

Newborn Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease: A New Algorithm and Other Updated Recommendations: Clinical Report.

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening was added to the US Recommended Uniform Screening Panel in 2011 and adopted by all US states and territories by 2018. In addition to reviewing key developments in CCHD screening since the initial American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) endorsement in 2011, this clinical report provides 3 updated recommendations. First, a new AAP algorithm has been endorsed for use in CCHD screening.

Influence of Common Medications on Diabetic Macular Edema in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impact of systemic medications, including GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), fenofibrates, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs), on the risk of developing diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic medical records (EMR) data from the TriNetX health research network, covering a period from October 2004-2024.

Participants: The study population comprised patients diagnosed with T2DM who were newly initiated on GLP-1 RAs, fenofibrates, TZDs, or CCBs.

Racial disparity among Native Americans in coronary artery bypass grafting: An analysis of national inpatient sample from 2015 to 2020.

Background: Disparities have been shown in the outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in racial minorities. Although Native Americans are known to have a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, the current literature on CABG outcomes for Native Americans remains notably limited, probably due to their limited population size. Thus, this study aimed to investigate racial disparities in CABG outcomes among Native Americans.

Evaluating the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy to treat mastectomy skin flap ischemia in breast reconstruction: A single-institution retrospective analysis.

Background: Mastectomy skin flap ischemia is a well-known postoperative complication following mastectomy and breast reconstruction. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has shown promising results for reducing the adverse effects associated with mastectomy skin flap ischemia and associated necrosis; however, there is paucity of literature regarding the indications for HBOT following breast cancer surgery. This study aimed to assess HBOT efficacy in treating and mitigating complications from postoperative tissue ischemia.

A Review of Best Practices for Gender-Affirming Laser Hair Removal.

Background: Permanent hair reduction is an integral part of gender-affirming medical care, especially for transgender patients undergoing surgeries such as phalloplasty and vaginoplasty. Hair removal helps reduce complications and alleviate gender dysphoria associated with unwanted facial and body hair.

Objective: To examine the methods, efficacy, and access issues of hair removal in transgender patients, with a focus on its role in surgical preparation and gender dysphoria reduction.

Adding hydroxyurea to chronic transfusion therapy for sickle cell anemia reduces transfusion burden.

Background: Chronic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an established therapy to prevent stroke in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). It is unclear if adding daily hydroxyurea treatment to chronic transfusion is beneficial.

Study Design And Methods: We conducted a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT03644953) investigating the addition of dose-escalated hydroxyurea to chronic transfusion for patients with SCA receiving simple chronic transfusion for stroke prevention.

Challenges and outcomes of airway surgery in a post-war low-resource setting: A case series from Mekelle, Ethiopia.

Objective: This study aims to document and analyze the challenges and outcomes of performing complex airway surgery in a low-resource, post-war setting in Mekelle, Ethiopia.

Methods: This prospective case series examines clinical data from five patients who underwent airway reconstruction surgeries and one patient who underwent total laryngectomy at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Mekelle. Data included patient demographics, airway stenosis etiology and severity, operative details, postoperative outcomes, complications, and hospital length of stay.

Anti-Osteoporotic Treatment Reduces Risk of Revision Following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Osteoporosis.

Background: Osteoporosis, a prevalent bone density disorder, introduces a complex dynamic in the context of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). However, despite the well-established association between osteoporosis and an elevated risk of revision, the existing literature lacks comprehensive insights into the impact of anti-osteoporotic therapy on surgical outcomes in the setting of TSA. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether anti-osteoporotic therapy correlates with improved revision outcomes following TSA.

Anesthesia choice for frail patients undergoing endovascular repair of nonruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background: Althugh general anesthesia is the predominant choice in endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), recent studies have suggested that locoregional anesthesia could be a viable alternative for suitable patients. Frailty has been identified as an independent predictor of increased mortality and morbidity in EVAR. However, the choice of anesthesia in frail patients undergoing EVAR has not been explored.

Gaps in biomedical research in frontotemporal dementia: A call for diversity and disparities focused research.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the leading causes of young-onset dementia before age 65, typically manifesting as abnormal behavior (in behavioral variant FTD) or language impairment (in primary progressive aphasia). Although FTD affects all populations across the globe, knowledge regarding the pathophysiology and genetics derives primarily from studies conducted in North America and Western Europe. Globally, biomedical research for FTD is hindered by variable access to diagnosis, discussed in this group's earlier article, and by reduced access to expertise, funding, and infrastructure.

Efficacy and safety of tozorakimab in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: A Phase 2a randomized controlled trial (FRONTIER-2).

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense pruritus and eczematous lesions. Tozorakimab is a high-affinity human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interleukin-33, a broad-acting alarmin cytokine that is over-expressed in keratinocytes of patients with AD.

Objectives: This Phase 2a study (FRONTIER-2; NCT04212169) evaluated the safety and efficacy of tozorakimab in adults with moderate-to-severe AD.