Carbohydrates stimulated Amaryllidaceae alkaloids biosynthesis in L. plants cultured in RITA bioreactor.

Background: L. is an important medicinal plant which produces Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, especially galanthamine and lycorine. Research is currently exploring the possibility of producing these alkaloids using biotechnological methods, including in vitro cultures.

Candidate Genes for Freezing and Drought Tolerance Selected on the Basis of Proteome Analysis in Doubled Haploid Lines of Barley.

Plant tolerance to environmental stress is determined by a very complicated network composed of many intra- and extracellular factors. The aim of this study was to select candidate genes involved in responses to freezing and drought in barley on the basis of previous proteomic studies and to analyze changes in their expression caused by application of both stress factors. Six candidate genes for freezing tolerance (namely the genes encoding elongation factor 1 alpha (), ferredoxin-NADP reductase, a 14-3-3a protein, β-fructofuranosidase, CBF2A and CBF4B) and six for drought tolerance (encoding transketolase, periplasmic serine protease, triosephosphate isomerase, a protein with a co-chaperon region (), pfam14200 and actin) were chosen arbitrarily on the basis of in silico bioinformatic analyses.

HSP Transcript and Protein Accumulation in Brassinosteroid Barley Mutants Acclimated to Low and High Temperatures.

In temperature stress, the main role of heat-shock proteins (HSP) is to act as molecular chaperones for other cellular proteins. However, knowledge about the hormonal regulation of the production of the HSP is quite limited. Specifically, little is known about the role of the plant steroid hormones-brassinosteroids (BR)-in regulating the HSP expression.

NAI2 and TSA1 Drive Differentiation of Constitutive and Inducible ER Body Formation in Brassicaceae.

Brassicaceae and closely related species develop unique endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived structures called ER bodies, which accumulate β-glucosidases/myrosinases that are involved in chemical defense. There are two different types of ER bodies: ER bodies constitutively present in seedlings (cER bodies) and ER bodies in rosette leaves induced by treatment with the wounding hormone jasmonate (JA) (iER bodies). Here, we show that At-α whole-genome duplication (WGD) generated the paralogous genes NAI2 and TSA1, which consequently drive differentiation of cER bodies and iER bodies in Brassicaceae plants.

Physiological traits determining high adaptation potential of sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa L.) at early stage of growth to dry lands.

Little is known about mechanisms of sweet briar adaptation to dry habitats. The species is highly invasive and displaces native plants from dry lands of the southern hemisphere. This study evaluates physiological basis of Rosa rubiginosa L.

Plasma membrane ATPase and the aquaporin HvPIP1 in barley brassinosteroid mutants acclimated to high and low temperature.

The integral parts of the cell membranes are the functional proteins, which are crucial for cell life. Among them, proton-pumping ATPase and aquaporins appear to be of particular importance. There is some knowledge about the effect of the temperature during plant growth, including stress-inducing temperatures, on the accumulation of the membrane proteins: plasma membrane H-ATPase and aquaporins, but not much is known about the effect of the phytohormones (i.

Genetic Parameters and QTLs for Total Phenolic Content and Yield of Wheat Mapping Population of CSDH Lines under Drought Stress.

A doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the Chinese Spring × SQ1 wheat cross (CSDH) was used to evaluate additive and epistatic gene action effects on total phenolic content, grain yield of the main stem, grain number per plant, thousand grain weight, and dry weight per plant at harvest based on phenotypic and genotypic observations of CSDH lines. These traits were evaluated under moderate and severe drought stress and compared with well-watered plants. Plants were grown in pots in an open-sided greenhouse.

Comparative analysis of epigenetic inhibitors reveals different degrees of interference with transcriptional gene silencing and induction of DNA damage.

Repetitive DNA sequences and some genes are epigenetically repressed by transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). When genetic mutants are not available or problematic to use, TGS can be suppressed by chemical inhibitors. However, informed use of epigenetic inhibitors is partially hampered by the absence of any systematic comparison.

Is a blue-red light a good elicitor of phenolic compounds in the family Droseraceae? A comparative study.

Plants from the family Droseraceae, especially Drosera sp. and Dionaea sp., are naturally rich in phenolic derivatives such as plumbagin, among others.

Manganese protects wheat from the mycotoxin zearalenone and its derivatives.

Searching for factors that reduce zearalenone (ZEN) toxicity is an important challenge in wheat production, considering that this crop is a basic dietary ingredient. ZEN, absorbed by cells, is metabolized into α-zearalenol and α-zearalanol, and this study focused on the function of manganese ions as potential protectants against the mycotoxins. Stress effects were invoked by an application of 30 µM ZEN and its derivatives.

Optimal Design of Ph-Neutral Geopolymer Foams for Their Use in Ecological Plant Cultivation Systems.

We have calculated that with the world population projected to increase from 7.5 billion in 2017 to 9.8 in 2050, the next generation (within 33 years) will produce 12,000-13,000 Mt of plastic, and that the yearly consumption will reach 37-40 kilos of plastic per person worldwide.

Phenolic acid and flavonoid production in agar, agitated and bioreactor-grown microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis cv. Sadova No. 1 - a valuable medicinal plant.

In vitro cultures and raw materials (fruits and leaves) of the valuable medicinal plant species - Schisandra chinensis cultivar Sadova No. 1 (SchS) - were evaluated for the production of two groups of phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. A series of experiments was conducted, aimed at optimizing culture conditions for maximum growth and phenolic production in SchS microshoots.

Chemically-induced DNA de-methylation alters the effectiveness of microspore embryogenesis in triticale.

Microspores exposed to some stress factors may display cell totipotency and could be reprogrammed towards embryogenic development. Plant breeding and genetic engineering widely use haploids/doubled haploids (DHs) derived from in vitro-cultured microspores, but the mechanism of this process remains poorly understood. Recently published data suggest that microspore embryogenesis (ME) is accompanied by changes in DNA methylation and chromatin reorganization.

Biotechnological Potential of LSD1, EDS1, and PAD4 in the Improvement of Crops and Industrial Plants.

Lesion Simulating Disease 1 (LSD1), Enhanced Disease Susceptibility (EDS1) and Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) were discovered a quarter century ago as regulators of programmed cell death and biotic stress responses in . Recent studies have demonstrated that these proteins are also required for acclimation responses to various abiotic stresses, such as high light, UV radiation, drought and cold, and that their function is mediated through secondary messengers, such as salicylic acid (SA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ethylene (ET) and other signaling molecules. Furthermore, LSD1, EDS1 and PAD4 were recently shown to be involved in the modification of cell walls, and the regulation of seed yield, biomass production and water use efficiency.

Bioaccumulation of selected macro- and microelements and their impact on antioxidant properties and accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolic acids in in vitro cultures of Nasturtium officinale (watercress) microshoots.

The study evaluated bioaccumulation capacity of macro- and microelements, their impact on the production of glucosinolates and phenolic acids and antioxidant properties in a microshoot culture model of Nasturtium officinale. Elements: calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, selenium and zinc were supplemented in different salt concentrations to culture media. Bioaccumulation of elements [mg/100 gDW] varied from 1.

Translocation of elements and sugars in wheat genotypes at vegetative and generative stages under continuous selenium exposure.

Background: Biofortification with selenium (Se) elevates its concentration in feed and fodder plants and helps to prevent health problems in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to describe Se-induced modifications in the accumulation of elements important for the proper functioning of wheat, one of the most popular cereals. The presence of Se correlated with carbohydrate synthesis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

The response of a model C/CAM intermediate semi-halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. to elevated cadmium concentrations.

Many areas exhibiting increased concentrations of soluble salts are simultaneously polluted with heavy metals (HM), and halophytes with extended tolerance to heavy metal toxicity seem to represent a promising tool for their phytoremediation. In this study, the response of the soil-grown C-CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) intermediate halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (common ice plant) to increased concentrations of Cd (0.01-1 mM) was investigated.

Insight into mechanisms of multiple stresses tolerance in a halophyte Aster tripolium subjected to salinity and heavy metal stress.

The study aimed at comparing metabolic reactions of a halophyte Aster tripolium to abiotic stresses. Profiling of endogenous phytohormones, soluble carbohydrates and stress-related amino acids was conducted in plants exposed to moderate and high salinity (150 and 300 mM NaCl), and heavy metal salts CdCl or PbCl (100 and 200 μM). High NaCl and Pb doses inhibited growth of A.

Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Hulled and Hull-less Barley ( L.) DH Lines Inoculated with .

Barley worldwide is affected seriously by Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) diseases caused by the species The objective of this study was to facilitate the resistance of hulled and hull-less barley at different growth stages to according to direct parameters: disease rating (DR), fresh weight of leaves and roots, kernel weight per spike, kernel number per spike, plump kernels, and indirect parameters - chlorophyll fluorescence (CF). Plate assay, greenhouse and field tests were performed on 30 spring barley doubled haploid (DH) lines and their parents infected with . Direct parameters proved that hulled genotypes show less symptoms.

Spectroscopic identification of benign (follicular adenoma) and cancerous lesions (follicular thyroid carcinoma) in thyroid tissues.

Thyroid follicular nodules are quite common in the population, however only a small proportion is malignant. Thyroid cancer differs from adenoma by features of cellular atypia, angioinvasiveness and possibility of metastasis via blood vessels mainly in the lungs and bones. Pathomorphological examination of the postoperative material plays a significant role in the diagnosis of cystic thyroid lesions.

Water stress-induced flag leaf senescence may be accelerated by rehydration.

The aim of the study was to determine molecular, biochemical and physiological responses of non-fully recovered DH line of triticale exposed to water stress during generative stage. The study involved two DH lines of winter triticale that produce different number of shoots with ears during rehydration. We analyzed the content of proteins associated with the photosynthetic apparatus and plant senescence.

Changes in content of steroid regulators during cold hardening of winter wheat - Steroid physiological/biochemical activity and impact on frost tolerance.

The purpose of experiments was to describe the alterations of content of steroid regulators (brassinosteroids, progesterone) during cold hardening of winter wheat. Further we studied physiological and biochemical changes induced by these steroids in cold hardened winter wheat together with estimation of plant frost tolerance. The endogenous brassinosteroid content was elevated in winter wheat during cold hardening while level of progesterone was lowered.

Investigation of quaternary structure of aggregating 3-ketosteroid dehydrogenase from Sterolibacterium denitrificans: In the pursuit of consensus of various biophysical techniques.

In this work we analyzed the quaternary structure of FAD-dependent 3-ketosteroid dehydrogenase (AcmB) from Sterolibacterium denitrificans, the protein that in solution forms massive aggregates (>600 kDa). Using size-excursion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), native-PAGE and atomic force microscopy (AFM) we studied the nature of enzyme aggregation. Partial protein de-aggregation was facilitated by the presence of non-ionic detergent such as Tween 20 or by a high degree of protein dilution but not by addition of a reducing agent or an increase of ionic strength.

How to define obligatory anaerobiosis? An evolutionary view on the antioxidant response system and the early stages of the evolution of life on Earth.

One of the former definitions of "obligate anaerobiosis" was based on three main criteria: 1) it occurs in organisms, so-called obligate anaerobes, which live in environments without oxygen (O), 2) O-dependent (aerobic) respiration, and 3) antioxidant enzymes are absent in obligate anaerobes. In contrast, aerobes need O in order to grow and develop properly. Obligate (or strict) anaerobes belong to prokaryotic microorganisms from two domains, Bacteria and Archaea.