Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA Temporary Immersion Systems.

The main compounds in both extracts were gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and rutoside, the amounts of which were, respectively, determined as 182.93, 58.86 and 23.

Isolation of High Purity Tissues from Developing Barley Seeds.

Understanding the mechanisms regulating the development of cereal seeds is essential for plant breeding and increasing yield. However, the analysis of cereal seeds is challenging owing to the minute size, the liquid character of some tissues, and the tight inter-tissue connections. Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for dissection of the embryo, endosperm, and seed maternal tissues at early, middle, and late stages of barley seed development.

How Machine Learning Methods Helped Find Putative Rye Wax Genes Among GBS Data.

The standard approach to genetic mapping was supplemented by machine learning (ML) to establish the location of the rye gene associated with epicuticular wax formation (glaucous phenotype). Over 180 plants of the biparental F population were genotyped with the DArTseq (sequencing-based diversity array technology). A maximum likelihood (MLH) algorithm (JoinMap 5.

Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress.

Twelve articles (ten research papers and two reviews) included in the Special Issue entitled "Wheat and Barley: Acclimatization to Abiotic and Biotic Stress" are summed up here to present the latest research on the molecular background of adaptation to environmental stresses in two cereal species. Crucial research results were presented and discussed, as they may be of importance in breeding aimed at increasing wheat and barley tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses.

Tocopherols mutual balance is a key player for maintaining Arabidopsis thaliana growth under salt stress.

Enhanced channeling carbon through pathways: shikimate/chorismate, benzenoid-phenylopropanoid or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) provides a multitude of secondary metabolites and cell wall components and allows plants response to environmental stresses. Through the biosynthetic pathways, different secondary metabolites, like tocopherols (TCs), are bind to mutual dependencies and metabolic loops, that are not yet fully understood. We compared, in parallel, the influence of α- and γ-TCs on metabolites involved in osmoprotective/antioxidative response, and physico-chemical modification of plasma membrane and cell wall.

Dynamics of endoreduplication in developing barley seeds.

Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds, with the largest part formed by the endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated dynamic changes in DNA content in three of the major seed tissues from the time of pollination up to the dry seed.

Functioning of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Response to Drought Stress in Oat × Maize Addition Lines.

The oat × maize chromosome addition (OMA) lines, as hybrids between C3 and C4 plants, can potentially help us understand the process of C4 photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is often affected by adverse environmental conditions, including drought stress. Therefore, to assess the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in OMA lines under drought stress, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) parameters were investigated.

The Common Ice Plant ( L.)-Phytoremediation Potential for Cadmium and Chromate-Contaminated Soils.

The common ice plant ( L.) is a widely studied model due to its tolerance to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, carried out in model pots, the plants were treated with variant doses of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) and proved resistant to extreme levels of these heavy metals.

Changes in polyamine pattern mediates sex differentiation and unisexual flower development in monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

Changes in the levels of polyamines are associated with fundamental physiological processes such as embryogenesis, induction of flowering, fruit development and ripening, senescence, and responses to environmental stresses, but the role of polyamines in sex differentiation and unisexual flower development has not been deeply studied. To extend the knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms of flowering in monoecious plant (producing unisexual flowers), we investigated the morphogenesis and free polyamine levels in Cucumis sativus during sex differentiation and unisexual flower development in vitro using histocytological and biochemical methods. As shown in our study, floral development in vitro was undisturbed and flowers of both sexes were produced.

The Influence of R. Br. Agar and Agitated Microshoot Culture Media on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Acid Production, and Antioxidant Activity.

This paper presents an optimization of conditions for microshoot cultures of R. Br. (watercress).

Exogenous Polyamines Only Indirectly Induce Stress Tolerance in Wheat Growing in Hydroponic Culture under Polyethylene Glycol-Induced Osmotic Stress.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 in hydroponic culture on wheat seedlings of drought-resistant Chinese Spring (CS) and drought-susceptible SQ1 cultivar, and to examine the alleviative role of exogenous polyamines (PAs) applied to the medium. The assessment was based on physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, chlorophyll and water content) as well as biochemical (content of carbohydrates, phenols, proline, salicylic and abscisic acid, activity of low molecular weight antioxidants) parameters, measured after supplementation with PAs (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day of the treatment. The results indicate that PAs ameliorate the effects of stress, indirectly and conditionally inducing stress tolerance of wheat seedlings.

Phytohormone synthesis pathways in sweet briar rose (Rosa rubiginosa L.) seedlings with high adaptation potential to soil drought.

The study aimed to determine the phytohormone profile of sweet briar rose (Rosa rubiginosa L.) seedlings and privileged synthesis pathways of individual hormones including gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins in response to long-term soil drought. We detected eight gibberellins, nine auxins and fifteen cytokinins.

Effects of Temperature on Lifespan of from Different Genetic Backgrounds: Links between Metabolic Rate and Longevity.

Despite many studies of the aging process, questions about key factors ensuring longevity have not yet found clear answers. Temperature seems to be one of the most important factors regulating lifespan. However, the genetic background may also play a key role in determining longevity.

Ribosomal Protein uL11 as a Regulator of Metabolic Circuits Related to Aging and Cell Cycle.

Aging is a biological phenomenon common to all living organisms. It is thought that the rate of aging is influenced by diverse factors, in many cases related to the control of energy metabolism, i.e.

Insights into Metabolic Reactions of Semi-Dwarf, Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants to Drought.

The roles of endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in the modulation of reaction to drought and genetic regulation of this process are still obscure. In this study, a multidirectional analysis was performed on semi-dwarf barley () Near-Isogenic Lines (NILs) and the reference cultivar "Bowman" to get insights into various aspects of metabolic reaction to drought. The NILs are defective in BR biosynthesis or signaling and displayed an enhanced tolerance to drought.

Enzymatic Defense Response of Apple Aphid to Increased Temperature.

Climate change, and in particular the increase in temperature we are currently observing, can affect herbivorous insects. Aphids, as poikilothermic organisms, are directly exposed to temperature increases that influence their metabolism. Heat stress causes disturbances between the generations and the neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Microorganisms and Biostimulants Impact on the Antioxidant Activity of Buckwheat ( Moench) Sprouts.

The study analyzes the influence of plant growth promoters and biological control agents on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) in the sprouts of buckwheat. The AA of cv. Kora sprouts was higher than cv.

Powdery Mildew-Induced Hormonal and Photosynthetic Changes in Barley Near Isogenic Lines Carrying Various Resistant Genes.

The present work focused on the characterization of some physiological mechanisms activated upon powdery mildew inoculation of the susceptible barley cultivar Ingrid and its near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying various resistant genes (, and ). After inoculation with f. sp.

3-D Nucleus Architecture in Oat × Maize Addition Lines.

The nucleus architecture of hybrid crop plants is not a well-researched topic, yet it can have important implications for their genetic stability and usefulness in the successful expression of agronomically desired traits. In this work we studied the spatial distribution of introgressed maize chromatin in oat × maize addition lines with the number of added maize chromosomes varying from one to four. The number of chromosome additions was confirmed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH).

Plant Material and In Vitro Microshoot Cultures as Rich Sources of Natural Phenolic Antioxidants.

is a dioecious, underestimated medicinal plant species known from traditional Chinese medicine. The present study was aimed at characterising the polyphenolic profile composition and the related antioxidant capacity of fruit, stem and leaf and in vitro microshoot culture extracts. Separate analyses of material from female and male specimens were carried out.

Differences in the functioning of photosynthetic electron transport between metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations of the pseudometallophyte Viola tricolor.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of metalliferous conditions on the functioning of photosynthetic electron transport in waste heap populations of a pseudometallophyte, Viola tricolor L. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and the absorbance changes at 830 nm enabled a non-invasive assessment of photosynthetic apparatus performance. This was complemented by the evaluation of the chlorophyll content.

Steviol glycosides profile in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni hairy roots cultured under oxidative stress-inducing conditions.

The ability to synthesize particular steviol glycosides (SvGls) was studied in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni hairy roots (HR) grown in the light or in the dark under the influence of different osmotic active compounds. Manipulation of culture conditions led to changes in the morphology and growth rate of HR, as well as to an increase in oxidative stress manifested as an enhancement in endogenous hydrogen peroxide concentration in the cultured samples. The highest level of HO was noted in HR cultured under light or in the medium with the highest osmotic potential.

The Impact of Mutations in the and Genes on the Physicochemical Properties of the Membranes from Barley Acclimated to Low/High Temperatures.

(1) Background: The study characterized barley mutants with brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and signaling disturbances in terms of the physicochemical/structural properties of membranes to enrich the knowledge about the role of brassinosteroids for lipid metabolism and membrane functioning. (2) Methods: The Langmuir method was used to investigate the properties of the physicochemical membranes. Langmuir monolayers were formed from the lipid fractions isolated from the plants growing at 20 °C and then acclimated at 5 °C or 27 °C.

Formation of the Secondary Abscission Zone Induced by the Interaction of Methyl Jasmonate and Auxin in : Relevance to Auxin Status and Histology.

The interaction of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to induce the formation of the secondary abscission zone in the middle of internode segments of was investigated in relation to auxin status and histology. When IAA at 0.1% (/, in lanolin) was applied to the segments, the formation of the secondary abscission zone at a few mm above the treatment in the apical direction was observed.

Expression of Genes Involved in Heavy Metal Trafficking in Plants Exposed to Salinity Stress and Elevated Cd Concentrations.

Many areas intended for crop production suffer from the concomitant occurrence of heavy metal pollution and elevated salinity; therefore, halophytes seem to represent a promising perspective for the bioremediation of contaminated soils. In this study, the influence of Cd treatment (0.01-10.