Modifications of emergency dental clinic protocols to combat COVID-19 transmission.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, incidence rates for dental diseases will continue unabated. However, the intent to prevent the spread of this lethal respiratory disease will likely lead to reduced treatment access due to restrictions on population movements. These changes have the potential to increase dental-related emergency department visits and subsequently contribute to greater viral transmission.

Effect of Chitosan as a Cross-Linker on Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity and Bond Stability with Different Adhesive Systems.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 0.1% chitosan (Ch) solution as an additional primer on the mechanical durability and enzymatic activity on dentine using an etch-and-rinse (E&R) adhesive and a universal self-etch (SE) adhesive. Microtensile bond strength and interfacial nanoleakage expression of the bonded interfaces for all adhesives (with or without pretreatment with 0.

Borate bioactive glass prevents zoledronate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw by restoring osteogenesis and angiogenesis.

Objectives: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a severe complication of systemic nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP) administration, which leads to osteonecrosis, pain, and infection. Despite much effort, effective remedies are yet to be established. This study aimed to investigate potential recovery effect of borate bioactive glass (BBG) in vitro and in vivo.

The role of software in quality assurance for indirect digital intraoral imaging.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate inherent image quality and the effects of software changes on image quality by using photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plates.

Study Design: Six new DIGORA Optime PSP plates (Soredex/Orion Corp., Helsinki, Finland) were used to assess inherent image quality and the effect of software settings on image quality.

Effects of calcium-phosphate, laser and adhesive on dentin permeability and bond strength.

Objectives: The present study examined a technique for reducing dentin permeability through the application of a calcium phosphate (CaP)-based desensitiser with a laser-assisted process and evaluated adhesive-dentin bond strength. : Thirty dentin discs were divided into two groups according to whether the selected desensitiser (TeethMate; Kuraray Noritake) was used prior to dentin bonding. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n = 5): A- Adhesive (Single Bond Universal, 3M ESPE), AL- Adhesive + Laser (Nd:YAG 60 mJ) and LAL- Laser + Adhesive + Laser.

Isocyanate-terminated urethane-based methacrylate for in situ collagen scaffold modification.

When damaged or fractured collagen-rich hard tissues are repaired by resin material, the collagen matrix may be used as a scaffold, after removal of the natural minerals, for resin monomers to penetrate and polymerize in-situ. Formation of a collagen-polymer hybrid biocomposite via mechanical hybridization provides a stable and strong link between endogenous tissue and the prosthesis for successful clinical integration. However, the heterogeneity between hydrophobic resin polymers and hydrophilic collagen presents a challenge to the quality of hybrid biocomposite.

Evaluation of a Collagen-Reactive Monomer with Advanced Bonding Durability.

This study evaluated the use of a new collagen-reactive monomer (CRM), isocyanate-terminated urethane methacrylate precursor, which has covalent affinity to dental collagen, in the formation of dentin-resin bonds and compared it with 2 other dental adhesives. Dentin specimens were bonded with either the CRM-based adhesive (CBA), One-Step (OS; Bisco, Inc.), or a negative adhesive (NA) control and subjected to 24-h storage in water, thermocycling to simulate 1-y clinical function, or a matrix metalloproteinase-mediated aging process.

Chlorhexidine preserves the hybrid layer in vitro after 10-years aging.

Objective: The present study investigated the ability of a chlorhexidine (CHX)-containing primer (0.2% aqueous solution) to inhibit dentinal enzymes, preserve the hybrid layer (HL) and remain within the HL, after 10 years of aging in artificial saliva at 37°C.

Methods: Non-carious extracted molars were assigned to two groups, cut into slabs exposing middle/deep dentin, etched and bonded with Adper Scotchbond 1XT (SB1XT) with or without 0.

Quaternary ammonium silane, calcium and phosphorus-loaded PLGA submicron particles against Enterococcus faecalis infection of teeth: An in vitro and in vivo study.

Refractory root canal infection of human teeth is the primary cause of dental treatment failure. Enterococcus faecalis is the major cause of refractory root canal infection. In the present study, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) submicron particles were used as carriers to deliver an antimicrobial quaternary ammonium silane (code-named K21) as well as calcium and phosphorus elements.

Systemic Th17 response in the presence of periodontal inflammation.

Background: The relationship between periodontitis and the pathogenesis of other inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and obesity has been an important topic of study in recent decades. The Th17 pathway plays a significant role in how local inflammation can influence systemic inflammation in the absence of systemic pathology.

Objective: To determine Th17 biased-cells in systemically healthy patients in the presence of generalized chronic periodontitis.

Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Acute Kidney Injury: Crosstalk between Cannabidiol and GILZ.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as largely tissue-resident archetypal cells of the immune system. We tested the hypotheses that renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a contributing factor to polarization of ILCs and that glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) and cannabidiol regulate them in this condition. Mice subjected to unilateral renal IRI were treated with the following agents before restoration of renal blood flow: cannabidiol, DMSO, transactivator of transcription- (TAT-) GILZ, or the TAT peptide.

Polymicrobial synergy within oral biofilm promotes invasion of dendritic cells and survival of consortia members.

Years of human microbiome research have confirmed that microbes rarely live or function alone, favoring diverse communities. Yet most experimental host-pathogen studies employ single species models of infection. Here, the influence of three-species oral microbial consortium on growth, virulence, invasion and persistence in dendritic cells (DCs) was examined experimentally in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and in patients with periodontitis (PD).

Oral Microbes and Mucosal Dendritic Cells, "Spark and Flame" of Local and Distant Inflammatory Diseases.

Mucosal health and disease is mediated by a complex interplay between the microbiota ("spark") and the inflammatory response ("flame"). Pathobionts, a specific class of microbes, exemplified by the oral microbe , live mostly "under the radar" in their human hosts, in a cooperative relationship with the indigenous microbiota. Dendritic cells (DCs), mucosal immune sentinels, often remain undisturbed by such microbes and do not alert adaptive immunity to danger.

Proteolytic activity, degradation, and dissolution of primary and permanent teeth.

Background: Primary and permanent teeth composition may influence dissolution and degradation rates.

Aim: To compare the dissolution and degradation of primary and permanent teeth.

Design: Enamel and dentin powders were obtained from primary molars and premolars and incubated within different pH buffers.

Macrophages enhance mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis via down-regulation of reactive oxygen species.

Objectives: The role played by macrophages in regulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during wound healing and bone regeneration is increasingly being recognized. The present study compared the pro-osteogenic effects of three co-culture methods, conditioned medium generated by macrophages (CM), indirect culture (IC) or direct culture (DC) with macrophages, on bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs).

Methods: Primary BMMSCs were isolated, characterized and co-cultured with RAW264.

Histone acetyltransferase promotes fluoride toxicity in LS8 cells.

Previously we demonstrated that fluoride increased acetylated-p53 (Ac-p53) in LS8 cells that are derived from mouse enamel organ epithelia and in rodent ameloblasts. However, how p53 is acetylated by fluoride and how the p53 upstream molecular pathway responds to fluoride is not well characterized. Here we demonstrate that fluoride activates histone acetyltransferases (HATs) including CBP, p300, PCAF and Tip60 to acetylate p53.

Enamel remineralization via poly(amido amine) and adhesive resin containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate enamel remineralization using salivary statherin protein-inspired poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (SN15-PAMAM) and adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) in a cyclic artificial saliva/demineralizing solution for the first time.

Methods: The enamel shear bond strengths of NACP adhesives were measured compared to commercial adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3 M). Adhesive disks containing NACP were tested for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ions release.

Histologic Response of Human Pulp and Periapical Tissues to Tricalcium Silicate-based Materials: A Series of Successfully Treated Cases.

Pulpal/periapical responses of human teeth that are treated successfully with tricalcium silicate-based materials are extremely difficult to obtain because of the typical unavailability of these teeth for histologic examination. The present case series reports histologic and histobacteriologic findings of 3 human teeth that had undergone pulpotomy, orthograde retreatment, and apicoectomy/root-end filling using tricalcium silicate-based endodontic materials. The teeth were extracted after 34 days, 7 weeks, and 20 months, respectively, because of unusual circumstances.

Comparison of the use of d-enantiomeric and l-enantiomeric antimicrobial peptides incorporated in a calcium-chelating irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis root canal wall biofilms.

Objectives: To compare the anti-biofilm efficacy of two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), 1018 and DJK-5, in disrupting canal wall biofilms in the isthmus, canal and dentinal tubules of single-rooted maxillary premolars.

Methods: Enterococcus faecalis single-species biofilms were formed in-situ in the root canal system of the premolars (n = 91). Confocal laser scanning microscopy, bacterial sampling, colony-forming unit counting, XTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay and phenol-sulphuric acid method were used to identify the anti-biofilm efficacy of both AMPs and their influence on bacterial metabolic activity.

Allergic reaction from dental bonding material through nitrile gloves: Clinical case study and glove permeability testing.

Objective: This study examines monomer permeation of commercial dental adhesive through nitrile-based gloves, and correlates findings with clinical case studies of dental students having localized skin eruptions following resin placement on a gloved hand to manipulate composite.

Methods: Three dental students self-reported presenting itchy, red skin lesions underneath the area where they placed uncured adhesive resin on a nitrile-gloved hand. Histories and cursory examinations were performed in the Department of Dermatology at The Medical College of Georgia.

N-Acetyl Cysteine as a Novel Polymethyl Methacrylate Resin Component: Protection against Cell Apoptosis and Genotoxicity.

The present study investigated the antiapoptotic and antigenotoxic capabilities of N-acetyl cysteine- (NAC-) containing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin. An Transwell insert model was used to mimic the clinical provisional restorations placed on vital teeth. Various parameters associated with cell apoptosis and genotoxicity were investigated to obtain a deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms.

Time to Open Repair of Mandibular Fractures and Associated Complications.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between the time from injury to repair of mandibular fractures and the development of postoperative complications. We also sought to assess whether a delay in treatment manifests in an increased surgical time.

Patients And Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample (N = 64) derived from patients treated with open repair of mandibular fractures at Augusta University Medical Center by the oral and maxillofacial surgery service from July 2015 to June 2018.