Regulatory elements in (7q21.3) locus contribute to genetic control of coronal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis and bone density-related traits.

Purpose: The etiopathogenesis of coronal nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (cNCS), a congenital condition defined by premature fusion of 1 or both coronal sutures, remains largely unknown.

Methods: We conducted the largest genome-wide association study of cNCS followed by replication, fine mapping, and functional validation of the most significant region using zebrafish animal model.

Results: Genome-wide association study identified 6 independent genome-wide-significant risk alleles, 4 on chromosome 7q21.

Prompt engineering to increase GPT3.5's performance on the Plastic Surgery In-Service Exams.

This study assesses ChatGPT's (GPT-3.5) performance on the 2021 ASPS Plastic Surgery In-Service Examination using prompt modifications and Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). ChatGPT was instructed to act as a "resident," "attending," or "medical student," and RAG utilized a curated vector database for context.

Secondary Procedures on the Palate to Correct/Improve Speech: Past, Present and Future.

Speech production in general and in patients with cleft palate in particular is multifactorial. In addition to the complex velopharyngeal mechanism, all structures of the oral cavity have some contribution for correct speech production. Therefore, in addition to the velopharynx the surgeons and other cleft/craniofacial team members need to perform a thorough and complete evaluation of all structures to fully appreciate the causative factor(s) responsible for inadequate speech production after palatoplasty and to prescribe the most appropriate, personalized management plan.

Normscan: open-source Python software to create average models from CT scans.

Purpose: Age-matched average 3D models facilitate both surgical planning and intraoperative guidance of cranial birth defects such as craniosynostosis. We aimed to develop an algorithm that accepts any number of CT scans as input and generates highly accurate, average models with minimal user input that are ready for 3D printing and clinical use.

Methods: Using a compiled database of 'normal' pediatric computed tomography (CT) scans, we report Normscan, an open-source platform built in Python that allows users to generate normative models of CT scans through user-defined landmarks.

Isolated Fibrous Dysplasia of the Bilateral Nasal Bones: Complex Management of the Bony Vault.

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous process affecting the skeletal system, with resulting cystic and fibrous tissue expansion. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia represents a small subset of monostotic disease, accounting for approximately 10%-25% of all such cases. Involvement of the frontal, temporal, and sphenoid bones has most commonly been described, with a limited number of reported cases citing disease isolated to the nasal bones.

Thirty-Year Experience Treating Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Long-Term Outcomes following Cranial Expansions.

Background: Children with syndromic craniosynostosis require multiple cranial expansion procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine how many expansions are typically performed through maturity, to assess complication rates, and to identify trends that might reduce the burden of care.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all consecutive patients undergoing cranial vault enlargement procedures for syndromic craniosynostosis performed by a single surgeon.

Virtual Reality Planning in Reconstructive Surgery for Orbital Prosthetic Rehabilitation Using ImmersiveTouch Platform: Preliminary Report.

Background/purpose: Virtual reality (VR) is emerging as an effective and intuitive surgical planning and 3D visualization tool. Digital surgical planning is the gold standard for planning the placement of implants in maxillofacial prosthetics, but the field lacks a platform exclusively designed to perform the task. Virtual reality planning (VRP) specific for maxillofacial prosthetics offers the clinician improved control of the presurgical planning and the potential to limit the need to adapt other advanced segmentation software.

Incidence of Sinusitis Postoperatively in Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Maxillary osteotomies as a component of orthognathic surgery disrupt the normal anatomy and function of the sinus. The osteotomy with advancement of the inferior component of the sinus leaves a bony and mucosal opening in the sinus. Immediately after surgery, nasal drainage is impeded because of intranasal swelling.

Does the Low and Short Medial Cut Affect Lingual Nerve Recovery after Sagittal Split Osteotomy?

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recovery of lingual nerve (LN) neurosensory function in patients undergoing sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) with a low and short medial horizontal cut.

Methods: This was a prospective study of patients with mandibular deformities undergoing SSO with a low and short medial horizontal cut over a 4-year period. The outcomes of interest were neurosensory recovery of the LN, as assessed objectively using functional sensory recovery (FSR) and subjectively by patient report.

Optimizing Facial Esthetic Outcomes: Adding Distraction Osteogenesis to Your Classic Orthognathic Surgery Armamentarium.

Classical orthognathic procedures have long been known to improve the facial esthetic contours and proportions of face by restoring the skeletal foundation, on which the soft-tissue drapes. Distraction osteogenesis was introduced to solve complex skeletal abnormalities in patients with craniofacial conditions that could not be solved by classical orthognathic surgery techniques. The gradual expansion in this group of patients showed not only greater skeletal stability, but the expansion at various tissue planes improved the facial appearance.

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Plastic and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery: A Scoping Review.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have evolved since their introduction to medicine in the 1990s. More powerful software, the miniaturization of hardware, and greater accessibility and affordability enabled novel applications of such virtual tools in surgical practice. This scoping review aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the literature by including all articles between 2018 and 2021 pertaining to VR and AR and their use by plastic and craniofacial surgeons in a clinician-as-user, patient-specific manner.

Facial Palsy after Orthognathic Surgery: Incidence, Causative Mechanism, Management, and Outcome.

Background: Facial palsy after orthognathic surgery is an uncommon but serious complication causing dissatisfaction and affecting quality of life. The occurrence could be underreported. Surgeons need to recognize this issue regarding the incidence, causative mechanism, managements, and outcome.

Secondary Corrections for Single-Suture Craniosynostosis: Perioperative Outcomes and Predisposing Factors.

Background: Many single-suture craniosynostosis corrections end up needing secondary remodeling procedures. The authors sought to determine whether these more complicated operations carry higher complication rates, and to explore potential predisposing factors.

Methods: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing primary and secondary remodeling corrections at a single center, between 2010 and 2020.

Management of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve in Large Sagittal Split Advancements: To Free or Not?

Summary: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether neurosensory recovery of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) is influenced by its location following sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) in patients undergoing large mandibular movements. This was a prospective, split-mouth study of skeletally mature patients undergoing bilateral SSO. Patients were included as study subjects if they underwent bilateral SSO for mandibular advancement greater than 10 mm and, following the splits, the IAN was freely entering the distal segment on one side and within the proximal segment on the other.