The effect of experience on perceptual spaces when judging synthesized voice quality: a multidimensional scaling study.

Objectives/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of experience on the perceptual space of listeners when judging voice quality.

Study Design: This was a within-subjects group design.

Method: Speech-language pathologists, singing voice teachers, speech-language pathology graduate students with and without experience with a voice client, graduate students who have completed a voice pedagogy course, and inexperienced served as listeners.

Phosphate solubility and the cyanate-mediated synthesis of pyrophosphate.

The justification for a less alkaline primordial ocean (than present) is briefly reviewed, along with constraints on aqueous phosphate under such conditions. Based on the assumption that CaHPO(4) dihydrate determined the availability of phosphorus species, we have carried out laboratory simulations to determine equilibrium concentrations as a function of pH (in PIPES buffer) with added NaCl and CaCl(2). Consistent with expectations, solubility declines with higher pH and [CaCl(2)], but increases only slightly with [NaCl].