Hyperoxia-Induced miR-195 Causes Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Neonatal Mice.

Exposure to hyperoxia is an important factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm newborns. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD and provide a potential therapeutic target. This study was conducted utilizing a postnatal animal model of experimental hyperoxia-induced murine BPD to investigate the expression and function of miR-195 as well as its molecular signaling targets within developing mouse lung tissue.

Impact of severity and age with variable definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is associated with neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).

Methods: To compare the ability of NICHD 2001 and Jensen 2019 definitions of BPD and respiratory support at 40 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) to predict NDI, a retrospective study (1/2010-12/2020) was conducted in infants with gestational age <32 weeks and birth weight <1500 g. The primary outcome measure was NDI at 18-24 months corrected age.

Timing and risk factors associated with acute kidney injury in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, onset, risk factors, and mortality associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Design/methods: Retrospective study at 2 centers in infants with NEC, with/without AKI. AKI assessed by serum creatinine and urine output.

Safety of bubble nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in preterm infants with respiratory distress.

Objective: Nasal Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) is an effective therapy for infants in respiratory distress. We here report the safety of a novel, low-cost, non-electric bubble NIPPV device in comparison with bubble NCPAP.

Study Design: At Paramitha Children's Hospital (Hyderabad, India), preterm (n = 60) neonates with moderate respiratory distress were pragmatically allocated to bubble NCPAP (5-8 cm HO) or bubble NIPPV (P 8-12 cm HO/P 5-8 cm HO) based on staff and equipment availability.

Invasive and non-invasive ventilatory strategies for early and evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

In the age of surfactant and antenatal steroids, neonatal care has improved outcomes of preterm infants dramatically. Since the early 2000's neonatologists have strived to decrease bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) by decreasing ventilator-associated lung injury and utilizing many novel modes of non-invasive respiratory support. After the initial success with nasal continuous positive airway pressure, it was established that discontinuing invasive ventilation early in favor of non-invasive respiratory support is the most effective way to reduce the incidence of BPD.

2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid is a bioactive and highly selective inhibitor of D-dopachrome tautomerase.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT) are two pleotropic cytokines, which are coexpressed in various cell types to activate the cell surface receptor CD74. Via the MIF/CD74 and D-DT/CD74 axes, the two proteins exhibit either beneficial or deleterious effect on human diseases. In this study, we report the identification of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (a.

Respiratory management in the premature neonate.

Introduction: Advances in neonatal care have made possible the increased survival of extremely preterm infants. Even though there is widespread recognition of the harmful effects of mechanical ventilation on the developing lung, its use has become imperative in the management of micro-/nano-preemies. There is an increased emphasis on the use of less-invasive approaches such as minimally invasive surfactant therapy and non-invasive ventilation that have been proven to result in improved outcomes.

Delayed Cord Clamping for 45 Seconds in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Impact on Hemoglobin at Birth and Close to Discharge.

Objectives: To assess the impact of delayed cord clamping (DCC) for 45 seconds on hemoglobin at birth and close to discharge in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and to compare modes of delivery in infants who received DCC.

Study Design: In a retrospective study, 888 VLBW infants (≤1,500 g) who survived to discharge and received immediate cord clamping (ICC) were compared with infants who received DCC. Infants who received DCC and born via Cesarean section (C-section) were compared with those born via vaginal birth.

Does Neonatal Sepsis Independently Increase Neurodevelopmental Impairment?

: Short- and long- term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm infants with neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis [...

Moving bronchopulmonary dysplasia research from the bedside to the bench.

Although advances in the respiratory management of extremely preterm infants have led to improvements in survival, this progress has not yet extended to a reduction in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). BPD is a complex multifactorial condition that primarily occurs due to disturbances in the regulation of normal pulmonary airspace and vascular development. Preterm birth and exposure to invasive mechanical ventilation also compromises large airway development, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.

Stem cells in neonatal diseases: An overview.

Preterm birth and its common complications are major causes of infant mortality and long-term morbidity. Despite great advances in understanding the pathogenesis of neonatal diseases and improvements in neonatal intensive care, effective therapies for the prevention or treatment for these conditions are still lacking. Stem cell (SC) therapy is rapidly emerging as a novel therapeutic tool for several diseases of the newborn with encouraging pre-clinical results that hold promise for translation to the bedside.

Respiratory Complications in Infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) Requiring Laser Photocoagulation.

Objective: The objective of this paper was to describe peri-procedural events and complications of infants requiring laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

Study Design: A retrospective chart review was performed of neonates requiring ROP exams from January 2017 to August 2020. Baseline maternal and neonatal characteristics, ROP exam findings, and associated treatment were analyzed.

Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in infants and is associated with increased mortality, respiratory morbidity, neurodevelopmental impairment, and increased healthcare costs. In parallel with advances made in the field of neonatal intensive care, the phenotype of BPD has evolved from a fibrocystic disease affecting late preterm infants to one of impaired parenchymal development and dysregulated vascular growth predominantly affecting infants born before 29 weeks' gestational age. BPD has been shown to have significant lifelong consequences.

Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants: Is There Sufficient Evidence?

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator. The inhaled form (iNO) improves outcomes in term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants. However, in preterm infants, the risks and benefits of iNO use are controversial.