Application of Mendelian randomization in thyroid diseases: a review.

Thyroid diseases are increasingly prevalent, posing significant challenges to patients' quality of life and placing substantial financial burdens on families and society. Despite these impacts, the underlying pathophysiology of many thyroid conditions remains poorly understood, complicating efforts in treatment, management, and prevention. Observational studies can identify associations between exposure variables and disease; however, they often struggle to account for confounding factors and reverse causation.

S-nitrosylation of AMPKγ impairs coronary collateral circulation and disrupts VSMC reprogramming.

Collateral circulation is essential for blood resupply to the ischemic heart, which is dictated by the contractile phenotypic restoration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Here we investigate whether S-nitrosylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of the VSMC phenotype, impairs collateral circulation. In rats with collateral growth and development, nitroglycerin decreases coronary collateral blood flow (CCBF), inhibits vascular contractile phenotypic restoration, and increases myocardial infarct size, accompanied by reduced AMPK activity in the collateral zone.

Protective effect of scorpion venom oligopeptides in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under benzo(α)pyrene exposure.

Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal role in the process of atherosclerosis. Scorpion venom is widely used as anti-cancer agent, however, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of scorpion venom peptides (SVPs) are rarely explored. In the current study, seven novel SVPs were isolated in a protective activity tracking isolation method in a cell model of benzo(α)pyrene (BaP)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors are a new class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs that have been approved for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, which lowers blood glucose. In addition, they offer significant cardiovascular benefits and renal protection.

A New Silicon Dioxide-Coated MALDI-ToF Sample Plate for Peptide Analysis.

In this report, we describe the development and testing of a new coated plate which improves the sensitivity and accuracy in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS). The coated plate was covered with a thin layer of hydrophobic silicon dioxide, which enabled sample enrichment due to the water repellent nature of the silicon dioxide surface. Sensitivity and required laser strengths were tested using peptide standards, with the results that these coated plates required lower laser power and showed increased sensitivity than that of common plates.