Horse Y chromosome assembly displays unique evolutionary features and putative stallion fertility genes.

Dynamic evolutionary processes and complex structure make the Y chromosome among the most diverse and least understood regions in mammalian genomes. Here, we present an annotated assembly of the male specific region of the horse Y chromosome (eMSY), representing the first comprehensive Y assembly in odd-toed ungulates. The eMSY comprises single-copy, equine specific multi-copy, PAR transposed, and novel ampliconic sequence classes.

Factors influencing adherence to an app-based exercise program in adolescents with painful hyperkyphosis.

Background: Software applications (apps) could potentially promote exercise adherence. However, it is unclear whether adolescents with painful hyperkyphosis will use an app designed for a home exercise program. The purpose of this study is to assess factors regarding adherence to an app-based home exercise program in adolescents with hyperkyphosis and back pain who were provided a one-time exercise treatment.

Timing of Epiphysiodesis to Correct Leg-Length Discrepancy: A Comparison of Prediction Methods.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of different methods used to predict ultimate leg lengths and residual leg-length discrepancy in a group of patients treated with epiphysiodesis at our institution.

Methods: Seventy-seven patients with adequate preoperative radiographs, no postoperative complications, and follow-up to skeletal maturity composed the study group. We compared the predicted lengths of both legs and residual leg-length discrepancy at maturity with actual outcomes using the White-Menelaus, Anderson-Green, Moseley, and multiplier methods.

Expectations for Postoperative Improvement in Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Patients With Lumbosacral Spondylolisthesis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Study Design: Prospective multicenter study of the changes in Scoliosis Research Society Outcome Questionaire 22 (SRS-22) scores for 78 patients younger than 25 years old surgically treated for lumbosacral spondylolisthesis OBJECTIVE.: Report the change of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients younger than 25 years after surgical treatment of lumbosacral spondylolisthesis.

Summary Of Background Data: There is a paucity of data with regard to the influence of surgical treatment on the HRQOL of patients with lumbosacral spondylolisthesis.

Percutaneous heel cord release for clubfoot: a retrospective, multicentre cost analysis.

Purpose: The Ponseti method of treatment is the standard of care for idiopathic clubfoot. Following serial casting, percutaneous tendo-Achilles tenotomy (TAT) is performed to correct residual equinus. This procedure can be performed in either the outpatient clinic or the operating room.

Repeat Surgical Interventions Following "Definitive" Instrumentation and Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis: 25-Year Update.

Study Design: Single-institution, retrospective review of prospectively collected data on pediatric patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) undergoing spinal fusion with a minimum two-year follow-up.

Objective: To determine the rate of reoperation in AIS patients undergoing spine fusion from 2008 to 2012.

Summary Of Background Data: Recent trends in the surgical treatment of AIS have included increased use of all-pedicle screw constructs, smaller implants, more posterior-only approaches, and improved correction techniques.

Approach to the Hip for SCFE: The North American Perspective.

The treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in North America has seen a change over the past 15 to 20 years due to a better understanding of the blood flow supplying the femoral head, the ability to monitor the pressure/flow in real time and greater access to the deformity with the development of surgical approaches providing that access. These advances have mainly affected the treatment of the unstable SCFE to mitigate the risk of avascular necrosis but have also been utilized for the stable SCFE when severe deformity remains. This paper will provide a summary of some of the current techniques utilized in North America in the treatment of SCFE and will focus on the studies reported on this condition from this continent.

Severity Adjusted Risk of Long-term Adverse Sequelae Among Children With Osteomyelitis.

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the risk for long-term, adverse outcomes among children with osteomyelitis.

Methods: Children with osteomyelitis were prospectively enrolled from 2012 to 2014. Care was accomplished by a multidisciplinary team according to an institutional algorithm.

Surgeon Survey Shows No Adverse Events With MRI in Patients With Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods (MCGRs).

Study Design: Surgeon survey.

Objectives: To determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following implantation of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) is associated with any adverse events.

Summary Of Background Data: Magnetically controlled growing rods have been shown to reduce the need for repeated surgical procedures and improve costs when compared to traditional growing rods, but concerns about MRI compatibility exist.

The Lumbar Gap Measurement in Lenke 1-4C Curves.

Study Design: Retrospective review.

Objectives: To assess whether the lumbar gap (LG) measurement, which is the distance between the center sacral vertical line and the concave edge of the apical vertebra of the lumbar curve, would be a useful tool to predict the need for lumbar curve fusion in the Lenke 1-4C curves.

Summary Of Background Data: The current treatment guidelines of selective thoracic fusion in the Lenke 1-4C curves are not routinely accepted.

The multiple deficit model of dyslexia: what does it mean for identification and intervention?

Research demonstrates that phonological skills provide the basis of reading acquisition and are a primary processing deficit in dyslexia. This consensus has led to the development of effective methods of reading intervention. However, a single phonological deficit is not sufficient to account for the heterogeneity of individuals with dyslexia, and recent research provides evidence that supports a multiple-deficit model of reading disorders.

Core Curriculum to Facilitate the Expansion of a Rheumatology Practice to Include Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants.

Objective: Due to an aging population, increasing prevalence of rheumatic disease, and a growing supply and demand gap of rheumatology providers, innovative solutions are needed to meet the needs of persons with rheumatic conditions. Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) have been identified as a group of health professionals who could help address the workforce shortage. The Executive Committee of the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals (ARHP), a division of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), charged a task force to facilitate the preparation of NPs/PAs to work in a rheumatology practice setting.

What Factors Influence Union and Refracture of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia? A Multicenter Long-term Study.

Objective: To identify factors influencing union of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT), refractures, and integrity of the tibia at maturity.

Methods: Data of 119 children operated for Crawford-type IV CPT and followed-up till skeletal maturity were analyzed. Logistic regression and recursive partitioning analyses were used to test associations between several variables and the outcome.

AbobotulinumtoxinA Efficacy and Safety in Children With Equinus Foot Previously Treated With Botulinum Toxin.

Background: The effects of botulinum toxin are transient, and repeat injections are required in children with lower-limb spasticity. However, the efficacy of botulinum toxin in patients who have received previous injections has remained largely unexplored.

Methods: We present subgroup analyses of a phase III study conducted in ambulatory children (aged two to 17) with spastic equinus foot.

Clubfoot Does Not Impair Gross Motor Development in 5-Year-Olds.

Purpose: To evaluate the gross motor development of 5-year-olds using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd Edition (PDMS-2), test after initial nonoperative management of clubfoot as infants.

Methods: The PDMS-2 Stationary, Locomotion, and Object Manipulation subtests were assessed on 128 children with idiopathic clubfeet at the age of 5 years. Children were categorized by their initial clubfoot severity as greater than 13, unilateral or bilateral involvement, and required surgery.

Effect of everolimus on skin lesions in patients treated for subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and renal angiomyolipoma: final 4-year results from the randomized EXIST-1 and EXIST-2 studies.

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder associated with tumour growth in various organs, including the brain, kidneys, heart and skin. Cutaneous lesions are prevalent manifestations of TSC, occurring in up to 90% of patients. Oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, such as everolimus, is believed to be effective for treatment of TSC-associated lesions because they act on the underlying disease pathophysiology.

Parent Mentoring Program Increases Coverage Rates For Uninsured Latino Children.

Latinos have the highest US childhood uninsurance rate of any race/ethnicity, but little is known about effective ways to eliminate this disparity. We evaluated the effects of parent mentors-Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children's Health Insurance Program-on insuring Latino children in a randomized, controlled, community-based trial of 155 uninsured children conducted in the period 2011-15. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health.

Pediatric Orthopedic Trauma: An Evidence-Based Approach.

The management of pediatric fractures has evolved over the past several decades, and many injuries that were previously being managed nonoperatively are now being treated surgically. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons has developed clinical guidelines to help guide decision making and streamline patient care for certain injuries, but many topics remain controversial. This article analyzes the evidence regarding management of 5 of the most common and controversial injuries in pediatric orthopedics today.

Motocross Injuries in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients.

Motocross is a popular sport in which participants ride a two-wheeled, motorized vehicle on an uneven 2-km track with natural or human-made obstacles. Participants compete at high rates of speed, and children as young as age 4 years compete in age-appropriate groups. Motocross is recognized as a strenuous sport with a high accident rate.

A little bit faster: Lower extremity joint kinematics and kinetics as recreational runners achieve faster speeds.

There appears a linear relationship between small increases in running speed and cardiovascular health benefits. Encouraging or coaching recreational runners to increase their running speed to derive these health benefits might be more effective if their joint level kinematic and kinetic strategy was understood. The aim of this investigation was to compare the peak sagittal plane motions, moments, and powers of the hip, knee and ankle at 85%, 100%, 115% and 130% of self-selected running speed.

Brief Report: The Genetic Profile of Rheumatoid Factor-Positive Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Resembles That of Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises 7 heterogeneous categories of chronic childhood arthritides. Approximately 5% of children with JIA have rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive arthritis, which phenotypically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our objective was to compare and contrast the genetics of RF-positive polyarticular JIA with those of RA and selected other JIA categories, to more fully understand the pathophysiologic relationships of inflammatory arthropathies.

Surgical Site Infections after Open Reduction Internal Fixation for Trauma in Low and Middle Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Review.

Background: Musculoskeletal trauma represents a large source of morbidity in low and middle human development index countries (LMHDICs). Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of traumatic long bone fractures definitively manages these injuries and restores function when conducted safely and effectively. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common complication of operative fracture fixation, although the risks of infection are ill-defined in LMHDIC.