Impacts of host phylogeny, diet, and geography on the gut microbiome of rodents.

Mammalian gut microbial communities are thought to play a variety of important roles in health and fitness, including digestion, metabolism, nutrition, immune response, behavior, and pathogen protection. Gut microbiota diversity among hosts is strongly shaped by diet as well as phylogenetic relationships among hosts. Although various host factors may influence microbial community structure, the relative contribution may vary depending on several variables, such as taxonomic scales of the species studied, dietary patterns, geographic location, and gut physiology.

Investigative genetic genealogy practices warranting policy attention: Results of a modified policy Delphi.

A technique known as investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) was first introduced to criminal investigations in 2018, and it has since been used by U.S. law enforcement to help identify hundreds of criminal perpetrators and unidentified human remains.

Brain RNA profiling highlights multiple disease pathways in persons with HAND: uncovering determinants of biotype diversity.

Objective: To discover microRNA (miRNA)-RNA transcript interactions dysregulated in brains from persons with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), we investigated RNA expression using machine learning tools.

Design: Brain-derived host RNA transcript and miRNA expression was examined from persons with or without HAND using bioinformatics platforms.

Methods: By combining next generation sequencing, droplet digital (dd)PCR quantitation of HIV-1 genomes, with bioinformatics and statistical tools, we investigated differential RNA expression in frontal cortex from persons without HIV (HIV[-]), with HIV without brain disease (HIV[+]), with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), or HAND with encephalitis (HIVE).

A mixed methods study investigating factors affecting adherence to Plasmodium vivax malaria primaquine radical cure regimens among migrants along the Myanmar-Thailand border.

Background: The countries within the Greater Mekong Region of Southeast Asia have pledged to eliminate malaria by 2030. Elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria is challenging as it requires radical cure to prevent relapse. Understanding and facilitating adherence to primaquine radical cure regimens is necessary for malaria elimination.

Detection of Elder Abuse Through Emergency Care Technicians Screening Tool Revision for Home-Based Primary Care (DETECT-RPC): a cluster randomised controlled trial study protocol.

Introduction: The annual prevalence of elder mistreatment (EM) in cognitively intact older adults is estimated to be 11%, yet the annual prevalence in older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) is estimated to be as high as 75%. Associated with a decrease in quality of life and increase in risk of mortality, EM represents a significant public health burden. Home-based primary care (HBPC) providers are uniquely positioned to address the critical need for robust EM screening and reporting, especially among individuals with AD/ADRD.

Depression and Incident Hypertension: The Strong Heart Family Study.

Introduction: Compared with White Americans, American Indian adults have disproportionately high depression rates. Previous studies in non-American Indian populations report depression as common among people with uncontrolled hypertension, potentially interfering with blood pressure control. Few studies have examined the association of depressive symptoms with hypertension development among American Indians despite that population's high burden of depression and hypertension.

High-Intensity End-of-Life Care Among Young and Middle-Aged Hispanic Adults With Cancer in Puerto Rico.

Background: Timely palliative and hospice care, along with advanced care planning, can reduce avoidable high-intensity care and improve quality of life at the end of life (EoL).

Objective: We examined patterns of care at EoL and evaluated predictors of high-intensity care at EoL among adults aged 18-64 with cancer.

Methods: Using data from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry-Health Insurance Linkage Database, we examined 1359 patients diagnosed with cancer in 2010-2019, who died of cancer between 2017 and 2019 at 64 years and younger, and who were enrolled in Medicaid or private health insurance in last 30 days before death.

Postpartum Pharmacologic Thromboprophylaxis and Venous Thromboembolism in a U.S. Cohort.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of administering postpartum heparin-based pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis on the incidence of postpartum venous thromboembolism (VTE) and complications.

Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of all individuals delivering at more than 20 weeks of gestation at four U.S.

Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents' Preferences for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Social Marketing Campaigns: Qualitative Preimplementation Study.

Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical HIV prevention method, but its awareness and uptake among SGM adolescents are low. There are no adolescent-centered PrEP social marketing campaigns in the United States that have the potential to increase awareness and interest in PrEP.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans, Version 1.2025, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma and affects an estimated 1,500 people annually in the United States. DFSP frequently exhibits extensive local infiltration. Initial treatment is through surgical excision, and care should be taken to ensure that negative margins are achieved to minimize recurrence.

The association between physician sex and patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Some prior studies have found that patients treated by female physicians may experience better outcomes, as well as lower healthcare costs than those treated by male physicians. Physician-patient sex concordance may also contribute to better patient outcomes. However, other studies have not identified a significant difference.

Personalized μ-transcranial alternating current stimulation improves online brain-computer interface control.

Objective: A motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) enables users to engage with external environments by capturing and decoding electroencephalography (EEG) signals associated with the imagined movement of specific limbs. Despite significant advancements in BCI technologies over the past 40 years, a notable challenge remains: many users lack BCI proficiency, unable to produce sufficiently distinct and reliable MI brain patterns, hence leading to low classification rates in their BCIs. The objective of this study is to enhance the online performance of MI-BCIs in a personalized, biomarker-driven approach using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Lung Cancer Screening, Version 1.2025.

The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Lung Cancer Screening provide criteria for selecting individuals for screening and offer recommendations for evaluating and managing lung nodules detected during initial and subsequent annual screening. These NCCN Guidelines Insights focus on recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for Lung Cancer Screening.

Protective and Risk Factors for Campus Dating and Sexual Violence at Non-Traditional Academic Institutions: A Scoping Literature Review.

Despite a plethora of research examining campus dating and sexual violence (DSV) risk and protective factors, little of this research has been conducted at non-traditional institutions such as minority-serving institutions (MSIs), community colleges, or non-predominantly white institutions. A review of research on statistically significant protective and risk factors for campus perpetration or victimization at non-traditional institutions resulted in 12 articles. The inclusion criteria for the study were that the article was in English, in a peer-reviewed journal, and published between 2010 and 2021.

Confocal Raman Microscopy for Measuring In Situ Temperature-Dependent Structural Changes in Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Thin Films.

Crystallization from the melt is a critical process governing the properties of semi-crystalline polymeric materials. While structural analyses of melting and crystallization transitions in bulk polymers have been widely reported, in contrast, those in thin polymer films on solid supports have been underexplored. Herein, in situ Raman microscopy and self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) analysis are applied to investigate the temperature-dependent structural changes in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films during melting and crystallization phase transitions.

Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced Reductions in Vascular Function through Release of Endogenous Opioids.

Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIPC) is a therapy characterized by repeated bouts of limb ischemia and reperfusion. RIPC protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and preclinical studies suggest that this is mediated through release of endogenous opioids. We aimed to interrogate the role of endogenous opioids in RIPC-signaling in humans, using an arm model of IRI.

Phase I trial comparing bile acid and short-chain fatty acid alterations in stool collected from human subjects treated with omadacycline or vancomycin.

Unlabelled: Omadacycline, an aminomethylcycline tetracycline, has a low propensity to cause infection (CDI) in clinical trials. Omadacycline exhibited a reduced bactericidal effect compared with vancomycin on key microorganisms implicated in bile acid homeostasis and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key components of CDI pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess bile acid and SCFA changes in stool samples from healthy volunteers given omadacycline or vancomycin.

Associations of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Cerebral Cortical Thickness and Gray Matter Volume Across the Adult Lifespan.

High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with reduced cortical thinning and gray matter (GM) shrinkage in older adults. We investigated associations of CRF measured with peak oxygen consumption (V̇ O) with cortical thickness and GM volume across the adult lifespan. We hypothesized that higher CRF is associated with less cortical thinning and GM shrinkage across the adult lifespan, which is associated with better cognitive performance.

Toward a Computable Phenotype for Determining Eligibility of Lung Cancer Screening Using Electronic Health Records.

Purpose: Lung cancer screening (LCS) has the potential to reduce mortality and detect lung cancer at its early stages, but the high false-positive rate associated with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for LCS acts as a barrier to its widespread adoption. This study aims to develop computable phenotype (CP) algorithms on the basis of electronic health records (EHRs) to identify individual's eligibility for LCS, thereby enhancing LCS utilization in real-world settings.

Materials And Methods: The study cohort included 5,778 individuals who underwent LDCT for LCS from 2012 to 2022, as recorded in the University of Florida Health Integrated Data Repository.

Understanding broader community perspectives on the scientific accuracy and stigma of personality trait labels.

Many labels are used within and across subfields to describe personality disorder (PD) and interpersonally-oriented trait dimensions. For example, "interpersonal disorders" is a suggested alternative label to "personality disorders" in clinical research. Other "dark trait" terms, though not proposed as formal labels for PDs, also are used in different research areas for describing externalizing traits.

Climate change and the cost-of-living squeeze in desert lizards.

Climate warming can induce a cost-of-living "squeeze" in ectotherms by increasing energetic expenditures while reducing foraging gains. We used biophysical models (validated by 2685 field observations) to test this hypothesis for 10 ecologically diverse lizards in African and Australian deserts. Historical warming (1950-2020) has been more intense in Africa than in Australia, translating to an energetic squeeze for African diurnal species.

Probing the Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical from Dissolved Organic Matter: Insights into the HO-Dependent Pathway.

This study quantifies the contribution of the HO-dependent pathway to hydroxyl radical (OH) production from the photolysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM). OH formation rates were cross-validated using benzoate and terephthalate as probe compounds for diverse DOM sources (reference isolates and whole waters). Catalase addition revealed that the HO-dependent pathway accounts for 10-20% of the total OH production in DOM isolate materials, but no significant correlation was observed between ambient iron (Fe) concentrations and HO-dependent OH formation.