Urbanization alters plastic responses in the common dandelion .

Urban environments expose species to contrasting selection pressures relative to rural areas due to altered microclimatic conditions, habitat fragmentation, and changes in species interactions. To improve our understanding on how urbanization impacts selection through biotic interactions, we assessed differences in plant defense and tolerance, dispersal, and flowering phenology of a common plant species () along an urbanization gradient and their reaction norms in response to a biotic stressor (i.e.