Leveraging Phase Information of 3D Isotropic Ultrashort Echo Time Pulmonary MRI for the Detection of Thoracic Lymphadenopathy: Toward an All-in-One Scan Solution.

Background: Ultrashort echo time (UTE) allows imaging of tissues with short relaxation times, but it comes with the expense of long scan times. Magnitude images of UTE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used in pulmonary imaging due to excellent parenchymal signal, but have insufficient contrast for other anatomical regions of the thorax. Our work investigates the value of UTE phase images (UTE-Ps)-generated simultaneously from the acquired UTE signal used for the magnitude images-for the detection of thoracic lymph nodes based on water-fat contrast.

Exploring the lunar water cycle.

The presence of water on the Moon has been indicated by various remote-sensing observations and analyses of returned samples. Several missions are planned to conduct new in situ research on the lunar surface to directly observe and characterize lunar water. A comprehensive characterization of the present forms of water, their abundance, spatial distribution, temporal variation, and possible origin is required to understand the lunar water cycle and the relevance of individual source and sink mechanisms and transformations between the involved volatile species.

Is COVID-19 Still a Threat? An Expert Opinion Review on the Continued Healthcare Burden in Immunocompromised Individuals.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound global impact. The emergence of several variants during the pandemic has presented numerous challenges in preventing and managing this disease. The development of vaccines has played a pivotal role in controlling the pandemic, with a significant portion of the global population being vaccinated.

The three stages of polytrauma rehabilitation- a recommendation and a systematic literature review on behalf of SICOT.

Purpose: Polytrauma presents a devastating event with great impact on the patient's life. While we are taking great care of improving our treatment algorithms, the rehabilitation often takes place outside of our direct field of vision. Yet, adequate rehabilitation is crucial for the patients to regain their former lives.

Gut microbiota genome features associated with brain injury in extremely premature infants.

Severe brain damage is common among premature infants, and the gut microbiota has been implicated in its pathology. Although the order of colonizing bacteria is well described, the mechanisms underlying aberrant assembly of the gut microbiota remain elusive. Here, we employed long-read nanopore sequencing to assess abundances of microbial species and their functional genomic potential in stool samples from a cohort of 30 extremely premature infants.

Predicting solvation free energies with an implicit solvent machine learning potential.

Machine learning (ML) potentials are a powerful tool in molecular modeling, enabling ab initio accuracy for comparably small computational costs. Nevertheless, all-atom simulations employing best-performing graph neural network architectures are still too expensive for applications requiring extensive sampling, such as free energy computations. Implicit solvent models could provide the necessary speed-up due to reduced degrees of freedom and faster dynamics.

Multi-clustering study on the association between human leukocyte antigen and hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in Viet Nam.

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules are cell surface receptor proteins found on antigen-presenting cells. Polymorphisms and mutations in the gene can affect the immune system and the progression of hepatitis B.

Aim: To study the relation between rs2856718 of , rs3077, and rs9277535 of , hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Population-aware permutation-based significance thresholds for genome-wide association studies.

Motivation: Permutation-based significance thresholds have been shown to be a robust alternative to classical Bonferroni significance thresholds in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for skewed phenotype distributions. The recently published method permGWAS introduced a batch-wise approach to efficiently compute permutation-based GWAS. However, running multiple univariate tests in parallel leads to many repetitive computations and increased computational resources.

Modeling Grid Cell Distortions with a Grid Cell Calibration Mechanism.

The medial entorhinal cortex of rodents is known to contain grid cells that exhibit precise periodic firing patterns based on the animal's position, resulting in a distinct hexagonal pattern in space. These cells have been extensively studied due to their potential to unveil the navigational computations that occur within the mammalian brain and interesting phenomena such as so-called grid cell distortions have been observed. Previous neuronal models of grid cells assumed their firing fields were independent of environmental boundaries.

Deep learning for cross-region streamflow and flood forecasting at a global scale.

Streamflow and flood forecasting remains one of the long-standing challenges in hydrology. Traditional physically based models are hampered by sparse parameters and complex calibration procedures particularly in ungauged catchments. We propose a novel hybrid deep learning model termed encoder-decoder double-layer long short-term memory (ED-DLSTM) to address streamflow forecasting at global scale for all (gauged and ungauged) catchments.

Plasticity of Human Microglia and Brain Perivascular Macrophages in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease.

The complex roles of myeloid cells, including microglia and perivascular macrophages, are central to the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet they remain incompletely understood. Here, we profiled 832,505 human myeloid cells from the prefrontal cortex of 1,607 unique donors covering the human lifespan and varying degrees of AD neuropathology. We delineated 13 transcriptionally distinct myeloid subtypes organized into 6 subclasses and identified AD-associated adaptive changes in myeloid cells over aging and disease progression.

Clinical Trial: Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Oesophageal Delivery System for Topical Corticosteroids Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis.

Background: EsoCap is a thin mucoadhesive film designed to target the oesophageal mucosa. The device loaded with mometasone furoate (ESO-101) is under investigation for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE).

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of ESO-101 in patients with active EoE.

Hippocampal connectivity dynamics and volumetric alterations predict cognitive status in migraine: A resting-state fMRI study.

The etiology of cognitive decline linked to migraine remains unclear, with a growing recurrence rate and potential increased dementia risk among sufferers. Cognitive dysfunction has recently gained attention as a significant problem among migraine sufferers that can be related to alterations in hippocampal function and structure. This study explores hippocampal subfield connectivity and volume changes in migraine patients.

Good functional outcome but high rates of instability recurrence after posterior open-wedge glenoid osteotomy for the treatment of posterior shoulder instability with increased glenoid retroversion at mid-term follow-up.

Purpose: To evaluate clinical, functional and radiological mid-term outcomes following posterior open-wedge glenoid osteotomy (POWGO) for the treatment of posterior shoulder instability (PSI) associated with increased glenoid retroversion.

Methods: Patients who underwent POWGO for the treatment of symptomatic PSI with glenoid retroversion >10° and participated in a previous study assessing short-term outcomes were included after a minimum follow-up of 5 years. Clinical (Rowe score and physical examination) and functional outcomes (Oxford Shoulder Instability Score [OSIS] and visual analogue scale [VAS] for pain) were assessed.

Early host defense against virus infections.

Early host defense eliminates many viruses before infections are established while clearing others so they remain subclinical or cause only mild disease. The field of immunology has been shaped by broad concepts, including the pattern recognition theory that currently dominates innate immunology. Focusing on early host responses to virus infections, we analyze the literature to build a working hypothesis for the principles that govern the early line of cellular antiviral defense.

Advanced strategies for enzyme-electrode interfacing in bioelectrocatalytic systems.

Advances in protein engineering-enabled enzyme immobilization technologies have significantly improved enzyme-electrode wiring in enzymatic electrochemical systems, which harness natural biological machinery to either generate electricity or synthesize biochemicals. In this review, we provide guidelines for designing enzyme-electrodes, focusing on how performance variables change depending on electron transfer (ET) mechanisms. Recent advancements in enzyme immobilization technologies are summarized, highlighting their contributions to extending enzyme-electrode sustainability (up to months), enhancing biosensor sensitivity, improving biofuel cell performance, and setting a new benchmark for turnover frequency in bioelectrocatalysis.

An organogold compound impairs Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes survival and delays lesion progression in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: Mechanistic insights.

Leishmaniasis is one of the most important neglected diseases, classically characterized by three clinical forms that if left untreated can lead to skin lesions, lifelong scarring, or death depending on the parasite species. Unfortunately, treatment is unsatisfactory and the search for an improved therapy has been a priority. Gold compounds have emerged as promising candidates and among them, Au(I)bis-N-heterocyclic carbene (Au(BzTMX)) has stood out.

Roe deer uterine fluid metabolome reveals elevated glycolysis, fatty acid breakdown, and spermidine synthesis upon reactivation from diapause†.

The blastocyst of the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) undergoes a period of decelerated growth and limited metabolism. During this period known as embryonic diapause, it floats freely in the uterus encircled by the histotroph. Prior to implantation, reactivation is marked by rapid embryonic growth and conceptus elongation.

On the inverse association between the number of QTL and the trait-specific genomic relationship of a candidate to the training set.

Background: Accuracy of genomic prediction depends on the heritability of the trait, the size of the training set, the relationship of the candidates to the training set, and the , where is the number of QTL and is the number of independently segregating chromosomal segments. Due to LD, the number of independently segregating QTL (effective QTL) can be lower than . In this paper, we show that is inversely associated with the trait-specific genomic relationship of a candidate to the training set.

Considerations for building and using integrated single-cell atlases.

The rapid adoption of single-cell technologies has created an opportunity to build single-cell 'atlases' integrating diverse datasets across many laboratories. Such atlases can serve as a reference for analyzing and interpreting current and future data. However, it has become apparent that atlasing approaches differ, and the impact of these differences are often unclear.

Pupillometric and perceptual approaches provide independent estimates of melanopsin activity in humans.

Study Objectives: Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, which provide light information to time sleep and entrain circadian clocks, also influence perceived brightness raising the possibility that psychophysical paradigms could be used to explore the origins and implications of variability in melanopic sensitivity. We aimed to develop accessible psychophysical tests of melanopic vision and relate outcomes with a pupillometric measure of melanopsin function (post-illumination pupil response; PIPR) and prior light exposure.

Methods: Individually calibrated pairs of isoluminant stimuli differing in melanopic radiance from a four primary source were presented sequentially with superimposed random colour offsets in a two alternative forced choice brightness preference paradigm to 41 naïve adult participants with personal light exposure data for the prior 7 days and PIPR measures defined by comparing maintained pupil constriction for luminance matched 'red' vs 'blue' pulses.