Barriers to implementing circular citrus supply chains: A systematic literature review.

Citrus is one of the world's most popular and widely cultivated fruits. The processing of citrus fruits for juice extraction generates solid and liquid biowaste, a valuable bio-resource that can be utilized in various sectors, including food and non-food industries. Incorporating Circular Economy (CE) principles into the citrus supply chain offers numerous opportunities but also presents certain barriers.

A Virtual Testing Framework for Real-Time Validation of Automotive Software Systems Based on Hardware in the Loop and Fault Injection.

To validate safety-related automotive software systems, experimental tests are conducted at different stages of the V-model, which are referred as "X-in-the-loop (XIL) methods". However, these methods have significant drawbacks in terms of cost, time, effort and effectiveness. In this study, based on hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation and real-time fault injection (FI), a novel testing framework has been developed to validate system performance under critical abnormal situations during the development process.

Automating Fault Test Cases Generation and Execution for Automotive Safety Validation via NLP and HIL Simulation.

The complexity and the criticality of automotive electronic implanted systems are steadily advancing and that is especially the case for automotive software development. ISO 26262 describes requirements for the development process to confirm the safety of such complex systems. Among these requirements, fault injection is a reliable technique to assess the effectiveness of safety mechanisms and verify the correct implementation of the safety requirements.

Mantle Hg isotopic heterogeneity and evidence of oceanic Hg recycling into the mantle.

The geochemical cycle of mercury in Earth's surface environment (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) has been extensively studied; however, the deep geological cycling of this element is less well known. Here we document distinct mass-independent mercury isotope fractionation (expressed as ΔHg) in island arc basalts and mid-ocean ridge basalts. Both rock groups show positive ΔHg values up to 0.

Subtle Cr isotope signals track the variably anoxic Cryogenian interglacial period with voluminous manganese accumulation and decrease in biodiversity.

Earth's atmosphere experienced a step of profound oxygenation during the Neoproterozoic era, accompanied by diversification of animals. However, during the Cryogenian period (720-635 million years ago) Earth experienced its most severe glaciations which likely impacted marine ecosystems and multicellular life in the oceans. In particular, large volumes of Mn and Fe accumulated during the interglacial intervals of the Cryogenian glaciations, indicating large anoxic marine metal reservoirs.

Molybdenum-isotope signals and cerium anomalies in Palaeoproterozoic manganese ore survive high-grade metamorphism.

Molybdenum (Mo) and its isotopes have been used to retrieve palaeoenvironmental information on the ocean-atmosphere system through geological time. Their application has so far been restricted to rocks least affected by severe metamorphism and deformation, which may erase or alter palaeoenvironmental signals. Environmental Mo-isotope signatures can be retrieved if the more manganese (Mn)-enriched rocks are isotopically depleted and the maximum range of δMo values is close to the ~2.

Synthesis of Spherical Carbon Nitride-Based Polymer Composites by Continuous Aerosol-Photopolymerization with Efficient Light Harvesting.

Here we report a novel, facile, and sustainable approach for the preparation of spherical submicrometer carbon nitride-based polymer composites by a continuous aerosol-photopolymerization process. In this regard, spherical mesoporous carbon nitride (SMCN) nanoparticles were initially prepared via a nanocasting approach using spray-drying synthesized spherical mesoporous silica (SMS) nanoparticles as hard templates. In addition to experimental characterization, the effect of porosity on the light absorption enhancement and consequently the generation rate of electron-hole pairs inside the SMCN was simulated using a three-dimensional finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method.

Screening and characterization of molecules that modulate the biological activity of IFNs-I.

Type I Interferons (IFNs-I) are species-specific glycoproteins which play an important role as primary defence against viral infections and that can also modulate the adaptive immune system. In some autoimmune diseases, interferons (IFNs) are over-produced. IFNs are widely used as biopharmaceuticals for a variety of cancer indications, chronic viral diseases, and for their immuno-modulatory action in patients with multiple sclerosis; therefore, increasing their therapeutic efficiency and decreasing their side effects is of high clinical value.

Operation of the quartz crystal microbalance in liquids: derivation of the elastic compliance of a film from the ratio of bandwidth shift and frequency shift.

For a thin viscoelastic film deposited on a quartz crystal microbalance in a liquid environment, the change in dissipation induced by the presence of a film is proportional to the film's elastic compliance, Jf'. This surprising result is a consequence of the fact that the film is "clamped" by a viscous fluid.

One-dimensional bright discrete solitons in media with saturable nonlinearity.

A problem of pulse propagation in a homogeneous nonlinear waveguide array with saturable nonlinearity is studied. The corresponding model equation is the discretized Vinetskii-Kukhtarev equation with neglected influence of diffusion of charge carriers. For periodic boundary conditions, exact homogeneous and oscillating stationary solutions are found.

On benzo[b][1,4]diazepinium-olates, -thiolates and -carboxylates as anti-Hückel mesomeric betaines.

2,3-Diaminophenol 4, 3,4-diaminophenol 5, 4-methoxy-1,2-diaminobenzene 6, 3,4-diaminobenzenethiol 7, 2,3-diaminobenzoic acid 8, and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid 9 were reacted with 2,4-pentanedione to yield the corresponding benzo[b][1,4]diazepinium salts, respectively. The hydroxy-benzo[b][1,4]diazepinium salts 17 and 18 do not form mesomeric betaines (MB) on deprotonation. Instead, they are converted into the diimines 24 and 25.

New pyrazolium-carboxylates as structural analogues of the pseudo-cross-conjugated betainic alkaloid nigellicine.

Pyrazolium-3-carboxylates were examined as relatives of the betainic alkaloid Nigellicine and as new examples of the sparsely populated class 16 of heterocyclic pseudo-cross-conjugated mesomeric betaines (PCCMB). The title compounds were prepared in a 4-step procedure starting from beta-diketo compounds 8 which were cyclized with substituted hydrazines. The resulting isomeric pyrazole esters 9 and 10 were separated and subsequently quaternized with dimethyl sulfate in the presence of nitrobenzene to pyrazolium esters 11 and 12.

Ultrasound assisted electrochemical oxidation of substituted toluenes.

Investigations on ultrasound assisted electrochemical syntheses demonstrate the positive influence of ultrasound on the achievable current density, selectivity and yield, but there is still a lack of investigations concerning the ultrasound influence on electroorganic syntheses. Especially the determining parameters like operation conditions and reactor geometry are not well defined for an industrial application. Therefore, the electrooxidation of substituted toluenes to their corresponding benzaldehydes via electrochemical conversion to the dialkylacetals, which is a reaction of great interest in industrial production, is studied with and without sonification of the working electrode.

Comparative study of the determination of peroxomonosulfate, in the presence of other oxidants, by capillary zone electrophoresis, ion chromatography, and photometry.

Several methods for quantitative determination of peroxomonosulfate in detergents, in the presence of other oxidants, have been investigated. The photometric technique applied was based on the well-known starch-iodine reaction. The oxidizing agent was quantified by determining the amount of iodine produced.

Voltammetric trace analysis of DNA and RNA.

A voltammetric determination of DNA/RNA is described. The new aspect is the use of the extracellular endonuclease Serratia marcescens in the sample preparation. Using this enzyme it is possible to determine DNA/ RNA with a detection limit of 2-5 pg/mL.

Sulfur speciation by capillary zone electrophoresis: conditions for sulfite stabilization and determination in the presence of sulfate, thiosulfate and peroxodisulfate.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used for the separation of the sulfur species SO3(2-), SO4(2-), S2O(3-) and S2O8(2-). Using an electrolyte system with 9.5 mmol L(-1) potassium chromate as UV-absorbing probe and 1 mmol L(-1) diethylenetriamine (DETA) as electroosmotic flow modifier, various possibilities for the stabilization of sulfite and electrophoretic separation of the sulfur anions were investigated.

Inhibition of the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase (PEPC) by different pollutants.

The inhibitory effect of different pollutants on the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase was investigated. For this enzyme, different procedures are described for determining the activity of the enzyme. Determination of the presence of the enzymatically-formed oxaloacetate was found to be more suitable for this purpose because of the higher sensitivity compared with that of the enzymatically-formed phosphate.

Catchment acidification-from the top down.

Three main factors define the speed of catchment acidification: the total input of pollutants; the thickness and character of soils, including the nature of the bedrock; and the size of subcatchments. The aerial input of pollutants in the Harz is among the highest in Central Europe (e.g.