A Case of Unilateral Brachial Plexus Injury Caused by First-Rib Stress Fractures Presenting With an Uncontrollable Involuntary Movement of the Neck.

Stress fracture of the first rib is a rare but an important cause of brachial plexopathy. Here, we describe a patient with a unilateral brachial plexus injury presenting with involuntary neck movements. A 22-year-old man with cervical involuntary movements for 10 months was diagnosed with tardive dyskinesia.

Detailing Healthcare Claims Data Evidence of Extrapyramidal Symptoms in Medicaid Patients with Schizophrenia after Second-Generation Antipsychotic Medication Initiation.

Researchers have used elements of administrative healthcare claims data (e.g., diagnosis codes and medications) to calculate rates of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in patients with schizophrenia who utilize second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs).

Atypical Antipsychotic-Induced Tardive Dyskinesia in a Middle-Aged Schizophrenic Patient: A Case Report.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potentially irreversible movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements, most commonly affecting the face, tongue, and extremities. It is primarily associated with the long-term use of first-generation (typical) antipsychotics but can also occur with second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics such as aripiprazole. Despite its lower risk profile, aripiprazole can induce TD, as illustrated by a 45-year-old woman with schizophrenia who developed severe involuntary movements after five years of stable treatment with this medication.

A Systematic Review of Oral Vertical Dyskinesia ("Rabbit" Syndrome).

Vertical rhythmic dyskinetic movements that are primarily drug-induced and affect solely the jaw, mouth, and lips without involving the tongue have been historically described as "rabbit" syndrome (RS). Evidence on the unique features and implications of this disorder remains limited. This literature review aims to evaluate the clinical-epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of this movement disorder.

Recent Advances in representative small-molecule DRD2 inhibitors: Synthetic Routes and clinical applications.

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) represents a pivotal target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson's disease. The successful discovery of numerous effective DRD2 inhibitors has led to their clinical application and ongoing evaluation in various clinical trials. This review explores the synthetic approaches and clinical applications of prototypical small-molecule DRD2 inhibitors that have received approval or are currently undergoing clinical trials, highlighting their therapeutic potential and challenges.

Transcranial direct current stimulation improves tardive dyskinesia in long-term hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in chronic schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) who were long-term hospitalized.

Methods: Sixty-four inpatients who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and TD were randomly assigned to either the active (N=35) or sham (N=29) group. Treatment was given 15 times, with each session lasting for 30 min, and an intensity of 2 mA.

A Model-Informed Drug Development Approach Supporting the Approval of an Unstudied Valbenazine Dose for Patients With Tardive Dyskinesia.

Valbenazine is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of synaptic vesicular monoamine transporter 2. The current therapeutic doses of valbenazine for tardive dyskinesia (TD) are 40, 60, or 80 mg capsules, given orally, once daily (QD). While 40 and 80 mg were investigated in phase 3 KINECT 3 trial and initially approved, the approval of valbenazine 60 mg was based on the analysis utilizing the Model-informed drug development (MIDD) approach, facilitated through the US Food and Drug Administration's MIDD Pilot Program.

A Case of Oral-Buccal-Lingual Dyskinesia and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms After Prolonged Levetiracetam Exposure.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious and often permanent complication usually seen after the long-term use of antipsychotic medications, and multiple other classes of medications have been reported to cause TD or TD-like syndromes. TD can affect any part of the body, but it most commonly affects the mouth, lips, and tongue. We present a case of oral-buccal-lingual dyskinesia in an 86-year-old female from the long-term use of levetiracetam for a seizure disorder.

Auditory and Visual Hallucinations in a Congenitally Deaf Patient with Schizophrenia: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review.

This report discusses the case of a 54-year-old woman with a complex psychiatric history including schizophrenia, tardive dyskinesia, borderline intellectual function, and congenital deafness that reported auditory and visual hallucinations during an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia. After resuming a previous lithium regimen and introducing olanzapine, the patient improved and was discharged without hallucinations. In our report we explore some of the challenges we faced, discuss similar cases, and examine the unresolved debate about whether congenitally deaf patients can experience auditory hallucinations.

Profiling deutetrabenazine extended-release tablets for tardive dyskinesia and chorea associated with Huntington's disease.

Introduction: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) and Huntington's disease (HD)-associated chorea are persistent and disabling hyperkinetic disorders that can be treated with vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) inhibitors, including the recently approved once-daily (QD) formulation of deutetrabenazine (DTBZ ER). While its efficacy and safety profile have not been directly investigated, currently available data confirms bioequivalence and similar bioavailability to the twice-daily formulation (DTBZ BID).

Areas Covered: The authors briefly review the pivotal trials establishing efficacy of DTBZ for TD and HD-associated chorea, the pharmacokinetic data for bioequivalence between QD and BID dosing of DTBZ, as well as dose proportionality evidence, titration recommendations, and safety profile for DTBZ ER.

Efficacy and safety of different pharmacological interventions in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to indirectly compare and rank the different drugs that have been studied in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) in terms of their efficacy in ameliorating the symptoms of TD and safety.

Design: A network meta-analysis and a systematic review were registered prospectively on PROSPERO under the ID: CRD42023407823 and were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-NMA guidelines.

Data Sources: PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Sciences, and Clinicaltrials.

The Impact of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels and Risk of Movement Disorders in Patients Taking Antipsychotics.

Introduction: Well-known adverse events of antipsychotics are movement disorders, or extrapyramidal symptoms, such as drug-induced parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia.

Objective: With new evidence suggesting a link between low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and risk of Parkinson's disease, this study sought to investigate if that link also translated to patients taking antipsychotics with low HDL-C and an increased risk for developing a movement disorder.

Design: Adult patients (n=89) at an inpatient state psychiatric facility taking at least one antipsychotic with at least one HDL-C level were assessed for signs of a movement disorder through their history and physical, progress notes, and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score.

for Tardive Dyskinesia and Plasma Activity: Association with Ala-9Val Variant: A Randomized, Double-blind Trial.

Background: Excessive free radicals are implicated in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia (TD), and extract (EGb761) scavenges free radicals, thereby enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). This study examined whether EGb761 treatment would improve TD symptoms and increase MnSOD activity, particularly in TD patients with specific Val-9Ala genotype.

Methods: An EGb761 (240 mg/day) 12-week double-blind clinical trial with 157 TD patients was randomized.

Mining of neurological adverse events associated with valbenazine: A post-marketing analysis based on FDA adverse event reporting system.

Purpose: Valbenazine is commonly used to treat tardive dyskinesia, and we conducted a pharmacovigilance analysis using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to evaluate neurological safety signals associated with valbenazine.

Methods: Data was collected in FAERS from the second quarter of 2017 to the fourth quarter of 2023 for data cleaning. Neurological adverse event (AE) signals of valbenazine were mined by calculating reporting odds ratios (ROR), information component (IC) and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM).

Deutetrabenazine Provides Long-Term Benefit for Tardive Dyskinesia Regardless of Underlying Condition and Dopamine Receptor Antagonist Use: A Post Hoc Analysis of the 3-Year, Open-Label Extension Study.

Background: Deutetrabenazine is approved for adults with tardive dyskinesia (TD). Data based on underlying psychiatric condition and baseline dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA) use are limited.

Methods: Patients with TD who completed parent studies ARM-TD or AIM-TD were eligible for the 3-year, open-label extension study (RIM-TD; NCT02198794).

Tardive Dyskinesia with Antipsychotic Medication in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a persisting, and potentially irreversible, movement disorder associated with treatment with dopamine receptor antagonists. Few data are available on the risk of TD in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic medication.

Objective: To review the literature on incidence, risk factors, and treatment options for antipsychotic-associated TD in children and adolescents (aged < 18 years).