Modification of the N-terminal FWKG-αH1 element of potyviral HC-Pro affects its multiple functions and generates effective attenuated mutants for cross-protection.

Control of plant viruses by cross-protection is limited by the availability of effective protective strains. Incorporation of an NIa-protease processing site in the extreme N-terminal region of the helper component protease (HC-Pro) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resulted in a mutant virus TuHN I that induced highly attenuated symptoms. Recombination analysis verified that two variations, F7I mutation and amino acid 7-upstream-deletion, in HC-Pro co-determined TuHN I attenuation.

Weather fluctuation can override the effects of integrated nutrient management on fungal disease incidence in the rice fields in Taiwan.

Both weather fluctuation and farming system influence the epidemiology of crop diseases. However, short-term experiments are difficult to mechanistically extrapolate into long-term ecological responses. Using a mechanistic model with Bayesian inference, long-term data spanning 10 years were used to construct relationships among weather fluctuation (temperature, relative humidity, wind, and rainfall), farming system (conventional and low-external-input farming), and crop disease in experimental rice fields in Taiwan.

Isotopic assessment of soil NO emission from a sub-tropical agricultural soil under varying N-inputs.

Nitrogen fertilizers result in high crop productivity but also enhance the emission of NO, an environmentally harmful greenhouse gas. Only approximately a half of the applied nitrogen is utilized by crops and the rest is either vaporized, leached, or lost as NO, NO and N via soil microbial activity. Thus, improving the nitrogen use efficiency of cropping systems has become a global concern.

Feasibility of substituting old corrugated carton pulp with thermal alkali and enzyme pretreated semichemical mechanical rice straw pulp.

In this study, we separately used a laboratory Hollander beater, a pilot scale 12″ single-disc refiner and an expanded trial with a commercial paper mold mill to investigate the feasibility of using thermal-alkali/enzyme pretreated rice straw semi-chemical mechanical pulp to substitute portions of old corrugated carton board (OCC) pulp in the paper industry. In the laboratory plan, sequential treatments of NaOH at a 5-10% dosage and enzymes at a 0.2-4% dosage were applied to rice straw, followed by beating using a Hollander beater for 1-2 h to complete the rice straw semi-chemical mechanical pulping process.

Medicinal Components in Edible Mushrooms on Diabetes Mellitus Treatment.

Mushrooms belong to the family "Fungi" and became famous for their medicinal properties and easy accessibility all over the world. Because of its pharmaceutical properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties, it became a hot topic among scientists. However, depending on species and varieties, most of the medicinal properties became indistinct.

DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of wild tetraploid tomato Solanum peruvianum using protoplast regeneration.

Wild tomatoes (Solanum peruvianum) are important genomic resources for tomato research and breeding. Development of a foreign DNA-free clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas delivery system has potential to mitigate public concern about genetically modified organisms. Here, we established a DNA-free CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system based on an optimized protoplast regeneration protocol of S.

Effects of rice straw fermented with spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrates on milking performance in Alpine dairy goats.

Objective: To improve the feeding value of rice straw (RS), this study evaluated the potential of rice straw fermented with Pleurotus sajor-caju (FRS) as dairy goat feed.

Methods: Spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrate was used as fungi inoculum to break the lignocellulose linkage of rice straw, which was solid-fermented at 25°C to 30°C for 8 weeks. The ruminal degradation of pangolagrass hay (PG), FRS, and RS were measured in situ for 96 hours in three dry Holstein cows, respectively.

An immunochromatographic assay utilizing magnetic nanoparticles to detect major peanut allergen Ara h 1 in processed foods.

This study describes an immunomagnetic nanoparticle (IMNP)-based lateral flow assay (LFA) for detecting the major peanut allergen Ara h 1. We developed a clearly specific method in identifying peanut from ten other seeds and nuts, and a good visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 0.01 μg/mL Ara h 1 in PBS.

Submergence Gene Transfer into Drought-Tolerant Rice DT3 Using Marker-Assisted Selection.

Flash flooding is a major environmental stressor affecting rice production worldwide. DT3 is a drought-tolerant, recurrent parent with a good yield, edible quality, and agronomic traits akin to those of an elite Taiwanese variety, Taiken9 (TK9). Progenies carrying can enhance submergence stress tolerance and can be selected using the marker-assisted backcross (MAB) breeding method.

Incorporating the field border effect to reduce the predicted uncertainty of pollen dispersal model in Asia.

The presence of the field border (FB), such as roadways or unplanted areas, between two fields is common in Asian farming system. This study evaluated the effect of the FB on the cross-pollination (CP) and predicted the CP rate in the field considering and not considering FB. Three experiments including 0, 6.

The Gastroprotective Effect of Naringenin against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Mice through Inhibiting Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses.

Naringenin is a major flavanone found in grapes, tangelos, blood oranges, lemons, pummelo, and tangerines. It is known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, antifibrogenic, and antiatherogenic pharmacological properties. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of naringenin in ethanol-induced gastric damage in vivo and ethanol-stimulated KATO III cells in vitro.

An Optical Smartphone-Based Inspection Platform for Identification of Diseased Orchids.

Infections of orchids by the or cause orchid disfiguration and are a substantial source of economic loss for orchid farms. Although immunoassays can identify these infections, immunoassays are expensive, time consuming, and labor consuming and limited to sampling-based testing methods. This study proposes a noncontact inspection platform that uses a spectrometer and Android smartphone.

Corrigendum: Reassessing Banana Phylogeny and Organelle Inheritance Modes Using Genome Skimming Data.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.

Intestinal Microbiota, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Oxidative Status of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Mushroom Waste Compost By-Products.

This study investigated the effects of using mushroom waste compost as the residue medium for planting, which was used as a feed replacement; its consequent influence on broiler chickens' intestinal microbiota, anti-inflammatory responses, and anti-oxidative status was likewise studied. A total of 240 male broilers were used and allocated to four treatment groups: the basal diet-control group (corn-soybean); 5% replacement of a soybean meal via PWMC ( Schum No. 2 waste mushroom compost); 5% replacement of a soybean meal via FPW ( fermented PWMC); 5% replacement of a soybean meal via PP ( Schum No.

Large-scale data analysis for robotic yeast one-hybrid platforms and multi-disciplinary studies using GateMultiplex.

Background: Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) is a common technique for identifying DNA-protein interactions, and robotic platforms have been developed for high-throughput analyses to unravel the gene regulatory networks in many organisms. Use of these high-throughput techniques has led to the generation of increasingly large datasets, and several software packages have been developed to analyze such data. We previously established the currently most efficient Y1H system, meiosis-directed Y1H; however, the available software tools were not designed for processing the additional parameters suggested by meiosis-directed Y1H to avoid false positives and required programming skills for operation.

Comparative Genomic Analysis Uncovered Evolution of Pathogenicity Factors, Horizontal Gene Transfer Events, and Heavy Metal Resistance Traits in Citrus Canker Bacterium subsp. .

Worldwide citrus production is severely threatened by Asiatic citrus canker which is caused by the proteobacterium subsp. . Foliar sprays of copper-based bactericides are frequently used to control plant bacterial diseases.

Revision of the genus Chûjô, 1962 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae).

Lopatin, 2009 is regarded as a junior synonym of Chûjô, 1962 . Lopatin, 2009 is transferred to the genus Chûjô and redescribed. Lopatin, 2008 and Chûjô are recognized as valid species and redescribed.

Overexpression of a Novel ERF-X-Type Transcription Factor, OsERF106MZ, Reduces Shoot Growth and Tolerance to Salinity Stress in Rice.

Transcription factors (TFs) such as ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are important for regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. Notably, more than half of the rice ERF-X group members, including ethylene-responsive factor 106 (OsERF106), are abiotic stress-responsive genes. However, their regulatory roles in abiotic stress responses remain poorly understood.

Assessment of Grain Harvest Moisture Content Using Machine Learning on Smartphone Images for Optimal Harvest Timing.

Grain moisture content (GMC) is a key indicator of the appropriate harvest period of rice. Conventional testing is time-consuming and laborious, thus not to be implemented over vast areas and to enable the estimation of future changes for revealing optimal harvesting. Images of single panicles were shot with smartphones and corrected using a spectral-geometric correction board.

Modeling Alleviative Effects of Ca, Mg, and K on Cu-Induced Oxidative Stress in Grapevine Roots Grown Hydroponically.

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of alleviation effects of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) on copper (Cu)-induced oxidative toxicity in grapevine roots. Root growth, Cu and cation accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and antioxidant activities were examined in grapevine roots grown in nutrient solutions. The experimental setting was divided into three sets; each set contained a check (Hoagland solution only) and four treatments of simultaneous exposure to 15 μM Cu with four cation levels (i.

Reassessing Banana Phylogeny and Organelle Inheritance Modes Using Genome Skimming Data.

Bananas ( spp.) are some of the most important fruit crops in the world, contributing up to US$10 billion in export values annually. In this study, we use high-throughput sequencing to obtain genomic resources of high-copy DNA molecules in bananas.

The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review.

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics.

Oviposition preference not necessarily predicts offspring performance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on vegetable crops.

Given the new spread and potential damage of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Asia, it has become imperative to understand the development biology of this invasive species on selected vegetable crops in newer geographical regions.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Resistance of Rice Near-Isogenic Lines with Resistance Genes Against Brown Planthopper.

Background: The impact of climate change on insect resistance genes is elusive. Hence, we investigated the responses of rice near-isogenic lines (NILs) that carry resistance genes against brown planthopper (BPH) under different environmental conditions.

Results: We tested these NILs under three environmental settings (the atmospheric temperature with corresponding carbon dioxide at the ambient, year 2050 and year 2100) based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change prediction.