Hallmark discoveries in the biology of non-Wilms tumour childhood kidney cancers.

Approximately 20% of paediatric and adolescent/young adult patients with renal tumours are diagnosed with non-Wilms tumour, a broad heterogeneous group of tumours that includes clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, malignant rhabdoid tumour of the kidney, renal-cell carcinoma, renal medullary carcinoma and other rare histologies. The differential diagnosis of these tumours dates back many decades, when these pathologies were identified initially through clinicopathological observation of entities with outcomes that diverged from Wilms tumour, corroborated with immunohistochemistry and molecular cytogenetics and, subsequently, through next-generation sequencing. These advances enabled near-definitive recognition of different tumours and risk stratification of patients.

Three-dimensional diffractive acoustic tomography.

Acoustically probing biological tissues with light or sound, photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging can provide anatomical, functional, and/or molecular information at depths far beyond the optical diffusion limit. However, most photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging systems rely on linear-array transducers with elevational focusing and are limited to two-dimensional imaging with anisotropic resolutions. Here, we present three-dimensional diffractive acoustic tomography (3D-DAT), which uses an off-the-shelf linear-array transducer with single-slit acoustic diffraction.

Molecular and pharmacological heterogeneity of ETV6::RUNX1 acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

ETV6::RUNX1 is the most common fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with favorable prognosis, but the optimal therapy for this subtype remains unclear. Profiling the genomic and pharmacological landscape of 194 pediatric ETV6::RUNX1 ALL cases, we uncover two transcriptomic clusters, C1 (61%) and C2 (39%). Compared to C1, the C2 subtype features higher white blood cell counts and younger age at diagnosis, as well as better early treatment responses.

Posterior urethral valves: Examining the relationship of socioeconomic factors in disease presentation and progression.

Introduction: A significant portion of posterior urethral valve patients continue to progress to end stage renal disease despite improvements in medical care. Socioeconomic status has been connected to various healthcare outcomes but has not been evaluated in relation to longitudinal outcomes of posterior urethral valves.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status on the progression to renal failure among patients with posterior urethral valves.

Systematic Literature Review on Public Health Impacts of Persistent Tic Disorders: Health Care Needs and Health Care Use.

This study describes our systematic literature review documenting outcomes associated with persistent tic disorders (PTDs) and summarizes 15 articles comparing health care use between individuals with PTDs and a comparison group without PTDs. Only 2 studies included adults and only one study stratified findings by sociodemographic characteristics, precluding conclusions on health care disparities. Most children with PTDs had access to routine care, similar to children without PTDs, but needed and used more specialty health care, including mental health services, compared to children without PTDs.

Anaphylaxis definition, overview, and clinical support tool: 2024 consensus report.

Background: The 2006 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (NIAID/FAAN) anaphylaxis criteria are widely used in clinical care and research. In 2020, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) published modified criteria that have not been uniformly adopted. Different criteria contribute to inconsistent care and research outcomes.

National Survey of Lung Cancer Screening Eligibility in United States Veterans.

Introduction: Lung cancer screening is underutilized, especially in rural areas where lung cancer mortality is high. Approximately 11.2% of the United States (US) population over age 50 meet the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) 2021 lung cancer screening eligibility criteria; the proportion of eligible Veterans is unknown.

Circulating microRNAs and alcohol consumption in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.

Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant public health concern and contributes to liver diseases and cancer. Modifiable lifestyle factors including alcohol consumption can influence circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), which are increasingly used as biomarkers for early disease detection. Yet limited studies have identified miRNAs associated with alcohol intake, particularly in multiethnic populations.

Gene and phenome-based analysis of the shared genetic architecture of eye diseases.

While many eye disorders are linked through defects in vascularization and optic nerve degeneration, genetic correlation studies have yielded variable results despite shared features. For example, glaucoma and myopia both share optic neuropathy as a feature, but genetic correlation studies demonstrated minimal overlap. By leveraging electronic health record (EHR) resources that contain genetic variables such as genetically predicted gene expression (GPGE), researchers have the potential to improve the identification of shared genetic drivers of disease by incorporating knowledge of shared features to identify disease-causing mechanisms.

The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass residual volume processing technique on blood management in cardiac surgical patients.

Post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) blood processing is an important component of blood management during cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study is to evaluate several methods of processing post-CPB residual blood. Using a multi-institutional national database (SpecialtyCare Operative Procedural rEgistry [SCOPE]), 77,591 cardiac surgical operations performed in adults (>18 years) between January 2017 and September 2022 were reviewed.

Is the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis changing over time in Italy? Analysis of temporal trends for fusion and arthroplasty in a population-based study from 2001 to 2022 on the National Hospital Discharge Record database.

Background: Treatment of ankle osteoarthritis by total ankle replacement (TAR) is increasing worldwide. The aim of the study was to present the overall temporal trends of TAR throughout 22 years (2001-2022) in Italy, analyzing the distributions of hospitals by volume of activity and patients by age and sex, drawing on the National Hospital Discharge Record database. Furthermore, as a secondary aim, we compared these trends with those of ankle fusions.

Transformation of Distinct Superatoms to Superalkalis by Successive Ligation of Thymine Nucleobases.

The ligation strategy has been widely used in the chemical synthesis of atomically precise clusters. A series of thymine (T)-ligated Al-T ( = Be, Al, C; = 1-5) complexes have been studied to reveal the effect of DNA nucleobase ligands on the electronic structures of different superatoms in the present work. In addition to its protective role, the successive attachment of thymine ligands significantly lowers the adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of the studied Al superatoms with filled and unfilled electronic shells.

Temporary mechanical circulatory support utilization and outcomes in cardiogenic shock phenotypes: A comparative analysis of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction.

Introduction: Cardiogenic shock (CS) is marked by substantial morbidity and mortality. The two major CS etiologies include heart failure (HF) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The utilization trends of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and their clinical outcomes are not well described.

Interpretable data-driven chemometric approach for predicting non-optically active water quality parameters using ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy and physical-chemical measurements.

Non-optically active water quality parameters (NAWQPs) are essential for surface water quality assessments, although automated monitoring methods are time-consuming, include labor-intensive chemical pretreatment, and pose challenges for high spatiotemporal resolution monitoring. Advancements in spectroscopic techniques and machine learning may address these issues. We integrated ultraviolet-visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy with physical-chemical measurements to predict total nitrogen (TN), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total phosphorus (TP) in the Yangtze River Basin, China.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new dual APN/NEP inhibitors as potent analgesics.

An alternative approach for the management of acute and chronic pains involves prolonging the half-life of endogenous opiates, such as enkephalins that are released in response to nociceptive stimuli. This can be achieved through the inhibition of enzymatic pathways responsible for the hydrolysis of these peptides, particularly targeting Aminopeptidase N (APN) and Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP). In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of dual enkephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) targeting both APN and NEP as novel analgesic treatments.

Key Strategies to Promote Professional Wellness and Reduce Burnout in Oncology Clinicians.

Burnout in oncologists has been increasing, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. This is concerning because burnout can have both personal and professional repercussions, as well as a negative impact on patients and organizational financial health. Drawing on information and ideas discussed at an ASCO Town Hall session at the 2023 Annual Meeting developed by the State of Cancer Care in America Editorial Board, this study reviews key organizational strategies for improving professional well-being and argues for the importance of measuring and researching the well-being of the oncology workforce to ensure healthy work environments.

Ten-Year Trends in Clinician Well-Being and Burnout Among Oncology Fellows in Training: An ASCO State of Cancer Care in America Study.

Purpose: To better understand burnout in oncology and clinician well-being along the career continuum starting with training, we sought to characterize the professional well-being of physicians training in medical oncology in 2023 and to identify trends over time comparing to fellows from a decade prior.

Methods: All US medical oncology fellows taking the 2023 ASCO Medical Oncology In-Training Exam (ITE) were invited to complete an optional post-exam survey evaluating fatigue, satisfaction with work-life integration (WLI), emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. 2023 ITE survey responses were compared to the 2013 ASCO post-ITE survey (n=1345).

Characterization of language abilities and semantic networks in very preterm children at school-age.

It has been widely assessed that very preterm children (<32 weeks gestational age) present language and memory impairments compared with full-term children. However, differences in their underlying semantic memory structure have not been studied yet. Nevertheless, the way concepts are learned and organized across development relates to children's capacities in retrieving and using information later.

Persisting Toward a Career in Biomedical Research: A Black, Male Scientists' Becoming-Scientist-With Multiple Spatial Configurations.

This study explores the process of becoming-scientist-with, a dynamic and relational concept that redefines science identity development as a nonlinear, evolving journey. Focused on a Black male student, Travis, the study examines how his science identity was shaped through entanglements with various material and discursive forces across multiple science, technology, engineering, math, and medicine (STEMM) learning spaces. Becoming-scientist-with is conceptualized as a continual negotiation of identity within these environments, emphasizing the roles of power, systemic racism, and institutional practices in shaping students' experiences.

Evaporating Primordial Black Holes, the String Axiverse, and Hot Dark Radiation.

The search for primordial black holes (PBHs) with masses M≪M_{⊙} is motivated by natural early-Universe production mechanisms and that PBHs can be dark matter. For M≲10^{14}  kg, the PBH density is constrained by null searches for their expected Hawking emission (HE), the characteristics of which are, however, sensitive to new states beyond the standard model. If there exists a large number of spin-0 particles in nature, PBHs can, through HE, develop and maintain non-negligible spins, modifying the visible HE.

Assessing Prevalence of Nonmedically Used Prescription Drug Involvement in Overdose Deaths Through Linkage of State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System and Controlled Substances Monitoring Program Data.

Background: While illicit substances are commonly involved in the overdose crisis, prescription substances still play a role. Oftentimes, decedents do not have prescriptions for these substances at the time of death. As such, we sought to examine the prevalence of nonmedical drug use in Tennessee through linkage of fatal drug overdose and prescription data.

Human TSC2 mutant cells exhibit aberrations in early neurodevelopment accompanied by changes in the DNA Methylome.

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a debilitating developmental disorder characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations. While benign tumors in the heart, lungs, kidney, and brain are all hallmarks of the disease, the most severe symptoms of TSC are often neurological, including seizures, autism, psychiatric disorders, and intellectual disabilities. TSC is caused by loss of function mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes and consequent dysregulation of signaling via mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1).