RENAL EFFECTS OF HEMOGLOBIN INFUSIONS IN DOGS IN HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.

The immediate effects of treating hemorrhagic shock in dogs by replacing lost blood with 7 per cent hemoglobin solution were favorable, both on renal function and on general condition. However, subsequent transitory depression of the urea clearance for several days, shown by some of the treated animals, but not by untreated bled controls, indicates sufficient possibility of renal damage by the hemoglobin solution to prevent its recommendation at present as a blood substitute.

STUDIES ON A LUNG TISSUE COMPONENT WHICH COMBINES WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM).

Evidence has been obtained which indicates that the lung tissues of mammalian species susceptible to infection with PVM contain a specific component which combines with the virus. The concentration of this tissue component appears to be directly proportional to the suceptibility of the species; in its absence infection with PVM cannot be established. The available evidence suggests that the presence of the virus-combining component in lung tissue may play a decisive ro1e in the initiation of infection with this pneumotropic virus.

THE EFFECT OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM).

Evidence is presented which indicates that PVM is affected adversely in concentrated lung tissue suspensions or in the presence of glutathione. Because iodoacetamide inhibits or eliminates these effects in a similar manner, it is concluded that sulfhydryl groups are essential to their development.

PLASMA ESTERASE ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME.

By a study of plasma esterase in various hypoproteinemic states information was gained concerning the synthesis of a protein by the liver, which may be applicable to the problem of albumin synthesis. Patients with infectious hepatitis and cirrhosis showed defective formation of plasma esterase that paralleled the defect in albumin formation. The defect could only be altered in patients with cirrhosis by very prolonged therapy indicating that liver function itself had to improve before the proteins could be formed in a normal manner.

THE RELATIVE PRESSURES WITHIN CUTANEOUS LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND THE TISSUES.

The pressure in the cutaneous lymphatic capillaries of normal mice anesthetized with nembutal ranged between 0.0 and 2.7 cm.

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CLOTS FORMED FROM PURIFIED BOVINE FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: A STUDY WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.

1. A technique has been described for the preparation of clots from purified fibrinogen and thrombin of bovine origin which are suitable for study with the electron microscope. Experiments have been carried out to compare the fine structure of clots prepared at various values of pH.

STUDIES ON THE SONIC TREATMENT OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS.

Centrifugally purified samples of tobacco mosaic virus were subjected to intense sound vibrations of 9,000 cycles per second for 0, 2, 8, 16, 32, and 64 minutes. The viscosity and stream birefringence of the samples decreased with time of sonic treatment, but no chemical changes were found. Electron micrographs of the samples show that the particles are broken perpendicular to their long axis.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ISOLATED CHROMOSOMES.

By means of 1 M NaCl isolated lymphocyte chromosomes can be separated into two fractions, each of which contains nucleoprotein. The fraction soluble in M NaCl consists largely of desoxyribose nucleohistone, and constitutes 90 to 92 per cent of the mass of the chromosome. The insoluble residue (the residual chromosome is a coiled thread containing some 12 to 14 per cent of ribose nucleic and about one-fifth as much desoxyribose nucleic acid; the residual chromosome accounts for 8 to 10 per cent of the mass of the chromosome.

IDENTIFICATION OF MONO-IODOTYROSINE FROM IODINATED PEPSIN.

Isolation of mono-iodotyrosine from slightly iodinated pepsin has been repeated and the properties of the product compared with those of synthetic dl-3-iodotyrosine. Ultraviolet absorption spectra, pK values of the phenol group, solubility measurements, and partition coefficients were so nearly identical for the two materials that there is now no reason to doubt that the product from pepsin is 3-iodotyrosine.

THE BINDING OF FATTY ACIDS BY SERUM ALBUMIN, A PROTECTIVE GROWTH FACTOR IN BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA.

Serum albumin is a protective bacterial growth factor; by binding traces of fatty acid in the media it permits initiation of growth by the smallest possible inocula of tubercle bacilli. Each molecule of albumin binds 3 to 6 molecules of oleic acid (1 to 2 per cent of the weight of the albumin) tightly enough to prevent bacteriostasis, and 9 molecules of oleic acid in equilibrium with a saturated neutral solution. The property requires undenatured albumin.

THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF CONCURRENT INFECTION WITH PNEUMOTROPIC VIRUSES ON PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN MICE.

The course of pulmonary tuberculosis in the mouse appears to be accelerated as a result of concurrent infection of the lung with either of two pneumotropic viruses. This effect is obtained with virus inocula sufficiently small as to induce little or no definite viral pneumonia.

VIRULENCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI.

Experimental infection of the mouse can be used for the determination of virulence of cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli. The relative virulence of such cultures for the mouse is approximately the same as for the guinea pig. Cultures of virulent and avirulent variants of mammalian tubercle bacilli grown in the depth of Tween 80-albumin liquid medium, on the surface of solid agar modifications of this medium, and on the surface of a liquid modification of this medium exhibit consistent morphological differences.

INFECTION OF MICE WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI GROWN IN TWEEN-ALBUMIN LIQUID MEDIUM.

Introduction of the bacilli by the mtravenous route or by feeding gives rise to a disease predominantly localized in the lungs. Following intracerebral infection, the bacilli first multiply rapidly in the brain tissue, and then invade other organs, producing lesions especially in the lungs. Injection of the bacilli by the intraperitoneal route is less effective than by either the intravenous or intracerebral routes; however, admixture of the bacilli with some of the components of egg yolk increases both the infectivity and the pulmonary localization.

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF HIGHLY PURIFIED VIRAL PARTICLES OF INFLUENZA A AND B.

Microbiological assays for amino acids were made on hydrolysates of four to five highly purified preparations each of influenza A virus (PR8 strain) and influenza B virus (Lee strain). The results of the assays indicated that these strains of influenza virus contain approximately the same amounts of alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine. However, significant differences were found in the values for arginine, glutamic acid, lysine, tryptophane, and tyrosine.

DETECTION OF MUSTARD GAS (H), LEWISITE (L), ETHYLDICHLORARSINE (ED), AND PHENYLDICHLORARSINE (PD) WITH TRAINED DOGS OR RATS.

Dogs and rats may be trained to detect very low concentrations of mustard gas (0.1 gamma per liter of air) by shocking the animals with an induction coil when they touch meat which has been exposed to the gas. Animals trained in this way will refuse meat which is contaminated with the gas.

THE SULFONIUM SALT OF MUSTARD GAS: BIS-beta-[BIS(beta-HYDROXYETHYL) SULFONIUM] ETHYLSULFIDE DICHLORIDE (H.2TDG).

1. The sulfonium salt H.2TDG is formed when H is mixed with even dilute solutions of TDG.

SOLUBILITY OF MUSTARD GAS [BIS (beta-CHLOROETHYL) SULFIDE] IN WATER, MOLAR SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND IN SOLUTIONS OF DETERGENTS.

1. The solubility of mustard (H) in water and in molar sodium chloride was found to be 5.8 x 10(-3) molar and 3.

INHIBITION BY CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES OF HEMAGGLUTINATION AND OF MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS.

The complex carbohydrates apple pectin, citrus pectin, flaxseed mucilage, blood group A substance, gum acacia, and gum myrrh as well as an extract of RBC, when examined in a pattern test, were shown to inhibit the agglutination of chicken RBC by influenza A virus. A number of other simple and complex carbohydrates showed no inhibitory effect. The hemagglutination-inhibiting action of apple pectin was examined in some detail and evidence was adduced to show that it affected both virus and red cell.

CYTOCHONDRIA OF NORMAL CELLS, OF TUMOR CELLS, AND OF CELLS WITH VARIOUS INJURIES.

Bodies that may be designated cytochondria occupy the greater part of the cytoplasm of the normal and tumor cells that have been studied. They are characterized (a) by their behavior as discrete particles with surface properties that cause osmotic changes in the presence of water; (b) by reactions to stains which show that they have a rim surrounding a clearer (lipoid) center; (c) by their varying, relation to the basophile substance (ribonucleic acid) of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria which have characteristic reactions to stains promptly lose their distinctive reactions in the presence of solvents or as the result of pathological changes, becoming apparently indistinguishable from other cytochondria.

THE RELATION TO THE COURSE OF AVIAN MALARIA OF BIOTIN AND A FAT-SOLUBLE MATERIAL HAVING THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF BIOTIN.

Biotin deficiency produced by a synthetic biotin-deficient diet was as effective in decreasing the resistance of chickens to infection with Plasmodium lophurae as biotin deficiency produced by a diet high in egg white. In moderately biotin-deficient ducks Plasmodium cathemerium at first multiplied more slowly than in adequately fed controls. The parasitemia in the deficient animals later overtook that in the controls and attained higher peak parasite numbers.

THE MODIFYING EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN ON THE COURSE OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM).

Evidence is presented which indicates that certain polysaccharide preparations derived from various bacterial species, as well as similar materials not of bacterial origin, are capable of lessening the severity of infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and inhibiting multiplication of the virus in mouse lungs infected with this agent. It seems probable that modification with respect to the virus is mediated by a substance which may be polysaccharide in nature.