Needed: Clear definition and hierarchical integration of motivation constructs.

Murayama and Jach offer a thoughtful and timely critique of motivation constructs. We largely concur with their basic premises, but offer additional input and clarification regarding the importance of carefully considering the energization and direction components of motivation, and fully attending to the hierarchical aspect of motivation rather than prioritizing particular levels of analysis.

Complete Breakup of Liquids into Ultrafine Droplets by Grid Turbulence.

Ultrafine droplets are crucial in materials processing and nanotechnology, with applications in nanoparticle preparation, water evaporation, nanodrug delivery, nanocoating, among numerous others. While the potential of turbulent gas flow to enhance liquid breakup is acknowledged, constructing turbulence-driven atomizers for ultrafine droplets remains challenging. Herein, we report the innovation of grid-turbulence atomization (GTA), which employs a rotating mesh to deliver liquid and an air knife to spray ultrafine droplets.

Gallium: A Universal Promoter Switching CO Methanation Catalysts to Produce Methanol.

Hydrogenation of CO to methanol is foreseen as a key step to close the carbon cycle. In this study, we show that introducing Ga into silica-supported nanoparticles based on group 8-9 transition noble metals (M = Ru, Os, Rh, and Ir - Ga@SiO) switches their reactivity from producing mostly methane (sel. > 97%) to producing methanol (>50% CHOH/DME sel.

Affective Influences on the Intensity of Mental Effort: 25 Years of Programmatic Research.

This article highlights the systematic impact of experienced and implicit affect on the intensity of mental effort. The key argument is that both consciously experienced affect and implicitly activated affect knowledge can influence responses in the cardiovascular system reflecting effort intensity by informing individuals about task demand-the key variable determining resource mobilization. According to the motivational intensity theory, effort rises with experienced demand as long as success is possible and the necessary effort is justified.

Amputees but not healthy subjects optimally integrate non-spatially matched visuo-tactile stimuli.

Our brain combines sensory inputs to create a univocal perception, enhanced when stimuli originate from the same location. Following amputation, distorted body representations may disrupt visuo-tactile integration at the amputated leg. We aim to unveil the principles guiding optimal and cognitive-efficient visuo-tactile integration at both intact and amputated legs.

Evaluating the Corrected Femoroepiphyseal Acetabular Roof Index in Patients With Borderline Dysplasia Undergoing Periacetabular Osteotomy or Hip Arthroscopy.

Background: Identifying hip instability in symptomatic patients with borderline dysplasia of the hip (BDH) is of paramount importance, as it can influence both surgical decision-making and surgical outcomes. The femoroepiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index is strongly affected by the hip adduction/abduction angle during the pelvic radiograph, which has not yet been considered in the recommended threshold values.

Purpose: To compare the corrected FEAR index in symptomatic patients with BDH treated with pelvic periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) or hip arthroscopy.

Water-Soluble Mn(III)-Porphyrins with High Relaxivity and Photosensitization.

Three water-soluble Mn(III)-porphyrin complexes with cationic pyridyl side groups bearing COOH- or OH-terminated carbon chains in the meta or para positions have been synthesized as probes for both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The complexes , , and are highly water-soluble, and their relaxivities range between 10 and 15 mM s, at 20-80 MHz and 298 K, 2-3 times higher than that of commercial Gd(III)-based agents. The complexes containing carboxylate () or alcoholic () side chains in the para position are endowed with higher relaxivities and have also shown efficient photoinduced DNA cleavage and singlet oxygen (O) generation.

Accuracy of screening tests for cervical precancer in women living with HIV in low-resource settings: a paired prospective study in Lusaka, Zambia.

Objective: This study aimed to provide evidence to improve cervical screening for women living with HIV (WLHIV). We assessed the accuracy of screening tests that can be used in low-resource settings and give results at the same visit.

Methods And Analysis: We conducted a paired, prospective study among consecutive eligible WLHIV, aged 18-65 years, receiving cervical cancer screening at one hospital in Lusaka, Zambia.

Bedside implications of the use of surrogate endpoints in solid and haematological cancers: implications for our reliance on PFS, DFS, ORR, MRD and more.

Clinical endpoints, such as overall survival, directly measure relevant outcomes. Surrogate endpoints, in contrast, are intermediate, stand-in measures of various tumour-related metrics and include tumour growth, tumour shrinkage, blood results, etc. Surrogates may be a time point measurement, that is, tumour shrinkage at some point (eg, response rate) or biomarker-assessed disease status, measured at given time points (eg, circulating tumour DNA, ctDNA).

Characterisation of clinical response and transcriptional profiling of proliferating CD8 T cells in the blood of cancer patients after PD-1 monotherapy or combination therapy.

Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that block the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway have shown promise with limited benefit. We and others have shown in small patient cohorts that an early proliferative CD8 T-cell response in the blood may be predictive of clinical response. However, these studies lack detailed analyses and comparisons between monotherapy and combination therapies.

Improving outcomes with early and intensive metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a long-term modeling analysis of clinical and cost outcomes in Italy.

Objectives: This analysis quantifies the potential long-term clinical and cost benefits of early and intensive metabolic control (EIMC) versus conventional management in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Italy.

Methods: The PRIME T2D Model was used to project clinical and cost outcomes over long-term time horizons for a newly diagnosed cohort of patients receiving EIMC or conventional management. EIMC was associated with a mean glycated hemoglobin reduction of 0.

Nutrient Profiling Models in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Considering Local Nutritional Challenges: A Systematic Review.

Micronutrient deficiencies, undernutrition, and overweight/obesity are prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Nutrient profiling models (NPMs), initially developed to help reduce the prevalence of diet-related chronic diseases in Western countries, could be one solution to promote nutrient-dense foods in LMICs. This study reviewed government-endorsed NPMs implemented in LMICs and assessed their key components in relation to country-specific nutritional challenges.

Evaluation of donor specific antibodies after kidney transplantation in the era of donor-derived cell-free DNA.

Background: Donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) is a promising non-invasive biomarker for detecting graft injury in solid organ transplant recipients. Elevated dd-cfDNA levels are strongly associated with rejection and graft injury, especially antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). While donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) are crucial in ABMR, the relationship between dd-cfDNA levels and dnDSA features, such as DSA category, MFI and HLA target loci, remains unclear.

Long non‑coding RNA signatures in breast cancer: Properties as biomarkers?

Breast cancer represents the most common type of cancer in females worldwide. The survival rates for breast cancer patients have been increasing since 1990. However, in 2023 breast cancer is still the second most common cause of malignancy-associated death in women.

A safety checklist for apnoeic oxygenation using high-flow nasal oxygen for laryngotracheal surgery in adults: An international Delphi consensus.

Background: Apnoeic oxygenation using high-flow nasal oxygen is becoming a commonly used technique in adult patients undergoing laryngotracheal surgery. Despite widespread adoption, there are no best practice guidelines governing its safe delivery.

Objective: To develop a checklist for use during laryngotracheal surgery to guide the safe delivery of apnoeic oxygenation using high-flow nasal oxygen.

The challenges faced by early-career international medical graduates in general practice and the opportunities for support: a mixed methods study.

Background: Recruiting and retaining International Medical Graduates (IMGs) has been identified as a key component in addressing the ongoing workforce crisis in general practice. However, research shows IMG General Practitioners (GPs) face unique challenges compared to their UK-trained counterparts, impacting their welfare, retention in the workforce, and ability to provide patient care.

Aim: This study examined the challenges facing early-career IMG GPs, the help and support they access and want to access, and their perceptions and utilisation of the help and support available.

Prevalence and risk factors of under-five mortality due to severe acute malnutrition in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Despite a global drop of under-five mortality by 59% between 1990 and 2019, it remains high in Low- and Middle- income Countries (LMICs)with a preponderance in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Southern and Central Asia. Besides preterm and intrapartum complications, undernutrition contributes 45% of the deaths in these developing regions. In Africa, under-five mortality due to severe acute malnutrition (SAM) has stagnated at 10-40%, higher than WHO targets and the SDGs projections.

Multiomics unravels the complexity of male obesity: a prospective observational study.

Background: Obesity is associated with varying degrees of metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we aimed to discover markers of the severity of metabolic impairment in men with obesity via a multiomics approach.

Methods: Thirty-two morbidly men with obesity who were candidates for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery were prospectively followed.

Comparison of Illumina and Oxford Nanopore sequencing data quality for Clostridioides difficile genome analysis and their application for epidemiological surveillance.

Background: The burden of Clostridioides difficile as a nosocomial- and community-acquired pathogen has been increasing over the recent decades, including reports of severe outbreaks. Molecular and virulence genotyping are central for the epidemiological surveillance of this pathogen, but need to balance accuracy and rapid turnaround time of the results. While Illumina short-read sequencing has been adopted as the gold standard to investigate C.

Induction by caterpillars of stored and emitted volatiles in terpene chemotypes from populations of wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).

Background: Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants constitutively store volatile terpenes in their leaves, which are steadily emitted at low levels. Herbivory leads to a greater release of these stored volatiles. Additionally, damaged plants increase the accumulation of volatile terpenes in their leaves and begin to synthesize and emit other terpenes and additional compounds.

Orally administered live BCG and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis protect bison against experimental bovine tuberculosis.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is an infectious disease of livestock and wildlife species that is caused by pathogenic members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex such as Mycobacterium bovis. Due to the introduction of M. bovis-infected bison in the 1920s, BTB is now endemic in wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) population within the Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP) in northern Canada.

Modelling the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus populations using a spatio-temporal stacked machine learning model.

Various modelling techniques are available to understand the temporal and spatial variations of the phenology of species. Scientists often rely on correlative models, which establish a statistical relationship between a response variable (such as species abundance or presence-absence) and a set of predominantly abiotic covariates. The choice of the modeling approach, i.